Table 1.
General characteristics, cytokines and minerals serum levels of the controls and type 2 diabetic patients.
| Groups | Controls (No. 128) |
T2DM Patients (No. 129) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 59.1 ± 6.7 | 58.7 ± 7.8 | 0.20 | |
| Gender n, (%) Males Females |
67 (52.3) 61 (47.7) |
66 (51.2) 63 (48.8) |
0.35 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.06 ± 3.1 | 29.5 ± 5.8 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension n, (%) NO Yes |
88 (68.8) 40 (31.3) |
64 (49.6) 65 (50.4) |
0.003 | |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 80.4 ± 13.3 | 252.2 ± 66.6 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c | 5.1 ± 0.67 | 8.1 ± 0.98 | <0.001 | |
| Serum urea (mmol/L) | 5.15 ± 1.24 | 13.6 ± 11.1 | <0.001 | |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 66.6 ± 15.07 | 222.87 ± 20.5 | <0.001 | |
| Serum albumin (mg/dL) | 3.7 ± 0.36 | 3.2 ± 0.78 | <0.001 | |
| Serum TGF-β (ng/mL) | 5.3 ± 0.23 | 6.4 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | |
| Serum IL-17 (pg/mL) | 58.3 ± 10.5 | 107.9 ± 61.4 | <0.001 | |
| Serum Zn (µg/dL) | 74.1 ± 18.4 | 68.9 ± 15.6 | 0.013 | |
| Serum Cu (µg/dL) | 186.8 ± 57.3 | 223.4 ± 42.2 | <0.001 | |
| Serum Mg (µg/dL) | 2.2 ± 0.0.7 | 1.72 ± 0.25 | <0.001 | |
| Cu/Zn ratio | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | |
| miRNA-375 fold change | 1 ± 0.24 | 3.96 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | |
Data are expressed as means ± SD or numbers, as a percent. The independent sample t-test was utilised for comparison between quantitative data, while Chi-square was used for testing the significance between qualitative data. The Mann–Whitney test was used for non-parametric data.