Table 1. The etiologies of AD in patients with SCI.

The etiology of AD
Urinary System	Bladder distension Urinary tract infection Catheterization urinary catheter obstruction Kidney or bladder stones diagnostic or therapeutic Urological procedures (such as cystoscopy, lithotripsy) vibratory stimulation
Gastrointestinal System	Constipation Hemorrhoids Anal fissure Acute abdominal pain Digital Rectal examination Diagnostic procedures Peptic Ulcers Gastroesophageal reflux Appendicitis cholelithiasis
Skin	Tight clothing Decubitus ulcers or contact with hard or sharp objects Burns, sunburn or frostbite Insect bites Ingrown toenail or paronychia Blisters
Reproductive System	Menstruation Pregnancy Labor Sexual intercourse Ejaculation Sexual stimulation by electroejaculation or vibratory stimulation Vaginitis Epididymitis / prostatitis Scrotal compression (sitting on scrotum).
Respiratory system	Pulmonary embolism Auxiliary cough maneuver
others	Deep vein thrombosis Fractures Drugs such as pseudoephedrine Muscle spasm / spasticity Charcot joint Syringomyelia below the level of injury Postoperative pain Hyperthyroidism Intramuscular injection Excessive consumption of alcohol, substances, caffeine or diuretics Immersion in cold water