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. 2023 Dec 18;12(24):7747. doi: 10.3390/jcm12247747

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariable analyses of body composition and associated variables.

Outcome Descriptives Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis
BMI (kg/m2) <25 (n = 77) ≥25 (n = 85) OR (95% CI) p= OR (95% CI) p=
Sex
(male/female (%); ref = male)
30 (39.0)/47 (61.0) 46 (54.1)/39 (45.9) 0.541 (0.289–1.012) 0.055 0.431 (0.177–1.046) 0.063
ASA
((I/II)/(III/IV) (%); ref = I/II)
38 (49.4)/39 (50.6) 30 (35.3)/55 (64.7) 1.786 (0.951–3.356) 0.071 2.029 (0.785–5.243) 0.144
Cholangitis
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
69 (89.6)/8 (10.4) 83 (97.6)/2 (2.4) 0.208 (0.043–1.011) 0.052 0.244 (0.017–3.406) 0.294
Albumin, g/L
(≤4.2/>4.2 (%); ref = ≤4.2)
34 (44.2)/25 (32.5) 27 (31.8)/43 (50.6) 2.166 (1.069–4.387) 0.032 2.075 (0.937–4.595) 0.072
AP, U/L
(≤100/>100 (%); ref = ≤100)
20 (26.0)/53 (68.8) 38 (44.7)/45 (52.9) 0.447 (0.228–0.875) 0.019 0.598 (0.249–1.437) 0.251
Hemoglobin, g/L
(≤13/>13 (%); ref = ≤13)
51 (66.2)/25 (32.5) 25 (29.4)/59 (69.4) 4.814 (2.466–9.40) 0.001 6.443 (2.538–16.359) <0.001
Platelet count
(≤300/>300 (%); ref = ≤300)
50 (64.9)/26 (33.8) 67 (78.8)/17 (20.0) 0.488 (0.239–0.995) 0.048 0.517 (0.172–1.552) 0.240
Prothrombin time
(≤110/>110 (%); ref = ≤110)
56 (72.7)/20 (26.0) 73 (85.9)/10 (11.8) 0.384 (0.166–0.884) 0.025 0.229 (0.072–0.733) 0.013
Intraoperative PRBC
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
49 (63.6)/28 (36.4) 65 (76.5)/20 (23.5) 0.538 (0.272–1.066) 0.076 1.479 (0.396–5.525) 0.561
R1 resection
((R0/R2)/R1) (%); ref = R0/R2)
66 (85.7)/11 (14.3) 79 (92.9)/5 (5.9) 0.380 (0.126–1.148) 0.086 0.477 (0.095–2.400) 0.369
pT category
(T1–2/T3–4 (%); ref = T1–T2)
50 (64.9)/26 (33.8) 70 (82.4)/15 (17.6) 0.412 (0.198–0.857) 0.018 0.296 (0.101–0.864) 0.026
Hospitalization, days
(≤14/>14 (%); ref = ≤14)
32 (41.6)/45 (58.4) 55 (64.7)/30 (35.3) 0.388 (0.206–0.732) 0.003 0.925 (0.274–3.122) 0.900
Postoperative complications Clavien–Dindo ((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
57 (74.0)/20 (26.0) 71 (83.5)/14 (16.5) 0.409 (0.216–0.775) 0.006 0.663 (0.145–3.037) 0.596
Liver failure
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
58 (75.3)/19 (24.7) 76 (89.4)/9 (10.6) 0.361 (0.152–0.857) 0.021 0.548 (0.158–1.893) 0.341
Bile leak
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
56 (72.7)/21 (27.3) 77 (90.6)/8 (9.4) 0.277 (0.114–0.671) 0.004 0.426 (0.123–1.467) 0.176
Hemorrhage (no/yes (%);
ref = no)
70 (90.9)/7 (9.1) 79 (92.9)/6 (7.1) 0.759 (0.244–2.367) 0.635
Infection Clavien–Dindo ((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
66 (85.7)/10 (13.0) 82 (96.5)/3 (3.5) 0.421 (0.205–0.863) 0.018 0.896 (0.754–14.397) 0.113
Sarcopenia No (n = 59) Yes (n = 103) OR (95% CI) p= OR (95% CI) p=
Sex
(male/female (%); ref = male)
40 (67.8)/19 (32.2) 36 (35.0)/67 (65.0) 3.918 (1.985–7.733) <0.001 2.263 (0.898–5.701) <0.001
Hemoglobin, g/L
(≤13/>13 (%); ref = ≤13)
22 (37.3)/36 (61.0) 54 (52.4)/48 (46.6) 0.543 (0.281–1.049) 0.069 0.560 (0.270–1.160) 0.119
LVI
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
49 (83.1)/8 (13.6) 70 (68.0)/25 (24.3) 2.187 (0.911–5.252) 0.080 2.307 (0.906–5.874) 0.080
Postoperative complications Clavien–Dindo
((0/I/II )/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
47 (79.7)/12 (20.3) 81 (78.6)/22 (21.4) 0.874 (0.458–1.669) 0.683
Liver failure
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
47 (79.7)/12 (20.3) 87 (84.5)/16 (15.5) 0.720 (0.315–1.649) 0.438
Bile leak
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
46 (78.0)/13 (22.0) 87 (84.5)/16 (15.5) 0.651 (0.288–1.469) 0.301
Hemorrhage
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
55 (93.2)/4 (6.8) 94 (91.3)/9 (8.7) 1.316 (0.387–4.477) 0.660
Infection Clavien–Dindo
((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
54 (91.5)/5 (8.5) 94 (91.3)/8 (7.8) 0.740 (0.362–1.511) 0.408
Myosteatosis No (n = 76) Yes (n = 86) OR (95% CI) p= OR (95% CI) p=
Sex
(male/female (%); ref = male)
43 (56.6)/33 (43.4) 33 (38.4)/53 (61.6) 2.093 (1.117–3.922) 0.021 3.636 (1.447–9.132) 0.006
Age
(≤65/>65 years (%); ref = ≤65)
50 (65.8)/26 (34.2) 30 (34.9)/56 (65.1) 3.590 (1.876–6.870) <0.001 4.989 (1.904–13.068) 0.001
Albumin, g/L
(≤4.2/>4.2 (%); ref = ≤4.2)
22 (28.9)/40 (52.6) 39 (45.3)/28 (32.6) 0.395 (0.194–804) 0.010 0.817 (0.318–2.096) 0.674
Hemoglobin, g/L
(≤13/>13 (%); ref = ≤13)
25 (32.9)/50 (65.8) 51 (59.3)/34 (39.5) 0.333 (0.175–0.637) 0.001 0.535 (0.230–1.242) 0.145
Total bilirubin, mg/dL
(≤1/>1 (%); ref = ≤1)
69 (90.8)/6 (7.9) 69 (80.2)/16 (18.6) 2.667 (0.985–7.219) 0.054 2.141 (0.637–7.196) 0.218
Intraoperative PRBC
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
62 (81.6)/14 (18.4) 52 (60.5)/34 (39.5) 2.896 (1.405–5.969) 0.004 1.594 (0.594–4.277) 0.354
LVI
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
60 (78.9)/10 (13.2) 59 (68.6)/23 (26.7) 2.339 (1.025–5.336) 0.043 2.942 (1.047–8.268) 0.041
Postoperative complications Clavien–Dindo
((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
47 (61.8)/29 (38.2) 47 (54.7)/39 (45.3) 1.345 (0.718–2.520) 0.355
Liver failure
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
66 (86.8)/10 (13.2) 68 (79.1)/18 (20.9) 1.747 (0.751–4.063) 0.195
Bile leak
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
62 (81.6)/14 (18.4) 71 (82.6)/15 (17.4) 0.936 (0.419–2.091) 0.871
Hemorrhage
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
72 (94.7)/4 (5.3) 77 (89.5)/9 (10.5) 2.104 (0.621–7.132) 0.232
Infection Clavien–Dindo
((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
72 (94.7)/3 (3.9) 76 (88.4)/10 (11.6) 1.004 (0.499–2.022) 0.991
Adjuvant therapy
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
39 (51.3)/33 (43.4) 62 (72.1)/23 (26.7) 0.438 (0.225–0.854) 0.015 0.485 (0.205–1.146) 0.099
VFA (cm2) <100 (n = 61) ≥100 (n = 101) OR (95% CI) p= OR (95% CI) p=
Sex
(male/female (%); ref = male)
13 (21.3)/48 (78.7) 63 (62.4)/38 (37.6) 0.163 (0.078–0.340) <0.001 0.247 (0.114–0.536) <0.001
Age
(≤65/>65 years (%); ref = ≤65)
39 (63.9)/22 (36.1) 41 (40.6)/60 (59.4) 2.594 (1.346–5.001) 0.004 3.577 (1.592–8.035) 0.002
Hemoglobin, g/L
(≤13/>13 (%); ref = ≤13)
37 (60.7)/22 (36.1) 39 (38.6)/62 (61.4) 2.674 (1.378–5.186) 0.004 3.265 (1.455–7.325) 0.004
INR
(≤1/>1 (%); ref = ≤1)
36 (59.0)/23 (37.7) 47 (46.5)/53 (52.5) 1.765 (0.918–3.395) 0.089 1.310 (0.603–2.844) 0.495
Hospitalization, days
(≤14/>14 (%); ref = ≤14)
26 (42.6)/35 (57.4) 61 (60.4)/40 (39.6) 0.487 (0.255–0.929) 0.029 0.570 (0.260–1.251) 0.161
Postoperative complications Clavien–Dindo
((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
45 (73.8)/16 (26.2) 63 (62.4)/38 (37.6) 0.614 (0.323–1.167) 0.136
Liver failure
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
47 (77.0)/14 (23.0) 87 (86.1)/14 (13.9) 0.540 (0.238–1.228) 0.142
Bile leak
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
46 (75.4)/15 (24.6) 87 (86.1)/14 (13.9) 0.493 (0.219–1.111) 0.088 0.636 (0.229–1.765) 0.385
Hemorrhage
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
55 (90.2)/6 (9.8) 94 (93.1)/7 (6.9) 0.683 (0.218–2.135) 0.512
Infection Clavien–Dindo
((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
42 (68.9)/18 (29.5) 76 (75.2)/25 (24.8) 0.758 (0.371–1.546) 0.445
Sarcopenic_obesity No (n = 137) Yes (n = 25) OR (95% CI) p= OR (95% CI) p=
Sex
(male/female (%); ref = male)
55 (40.1)/82 (59.9) 21 (84.0)/4 (16.0) 0.128 (0.042–0.393) <0.001 0.180 (0.056–0.582) 0.004
Age
(≤65/>65 years (%); ref = ≤65)
74 (54.0)/63 (46.0) 6 (24.0)/19 (76.0) 3.720 (1.400–9.885) 0.008 4.007 (1.375–11.674) 0.011
AP, U/L
(≤100/>100 (%); ref = ≤100)
45 (32.8)/86 (62.8) 13 (52.0)/12 (48.0) 0.483 (0.204–1.145) 0.099 1.009 (0.292–3.479) 0.989
GGT,U/L
(≤100/>100 (%); ref = ≤100)
59 (43.1)/72 (52.6) 17 (68.0)/8 (32.0) 0.386 (0.156–0.956) 0.040 0.405 (0.134–1.225) 0.110
INR
(≤1/>1 (%); ref = ≤1)
75 (54.7)/60 (43.8) 8 (32.0)/16 (64.0) 2.500 (1.002–6.236) 0.049 1.247 (0.419–3.714) 0.691
Platelet count
(≤300/>300 (%); ref = ≤300)
95 (69.3)/40 (29.2) 22 (88.0)/3 (12.0) 0.324 (0.092–1.144) 0.080 0.779 (0.184–3.299) 0.735
MVI
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
82 (59.9)/48 (35.0) 21 (84.0)/4 (16.0) 0.325 (0.105–1.004) 0.051 0.438 (0.128–1.498) 0.188
Hospitalization, days
(≤14/>14 (%); ref = ≤14)
69 (50.4)/68 (49.6) 18 (72.0)/7 (28.0) 0.395 (0.155–1.005) 0.051 2.382 (0.453–12.525) 0.306
Postoperative complications Clavien–Dindo
((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
74 (54.0)/63 (46.0) 20 (80.0)/5 (20.0) 0.294 (0.104–0.827) 0.020 0.246 (0.080–0.760) 0.015
Liver failure
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
111 (81.0)/26 (19.0) 23 (92.0)/2 (8.0) 0.371 (0.082–1.675) 0.197
Bile leak
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
109 (79.6)/28 (20.4) 24 (96.0)/1 (4.0) 0.162 (0.021–1.251) 0.081 0.363 (0.036–3.718) 0.394
Hemorrhage
(no/yes (%); ref = no)
124 (90.5)/13 (9.5) 130 (81.3)/30 (18.8) 0 (0–0) 0.999
Infection Clavien–Dindo
((0/I/II)/(III/IV/V) (%);
ref = 0/I/II)
96 (70.1)/40 (29.2) 22 (88.0)/3 (12.0) 0.327 (0.093–1.155) 0.083 0.894 (0.096–8.339) 0.921

Multiple variables were associated with altered body composition. This reduced table only shows variables with a p-value < 0.1 and all measures of postoperative complications in the univariate analysis. Variables displaying a p-value < 0.1 in the univariate analysis were transferred into a multivariable logistic regression model. Bold letters indicate statistical significance. The univariate analysis regarding all variables is displayed in Supplementary Table S1. Abbreviations: AP, alkaline phosphatase; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; INR, international normalized ratio; LVI, lymph vascular invasion; MVI, microvascular invasion.