Table 1.

Parameters by fitting models for various polymer-based systems used in FDM.

Materials	Shear-Thinning Index (n)	Other Parameters	Fitting Models	References
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)	0.27	/	Carreau–Yasuda	[58]
	0.42–0.49	k = 6678–12189 Pa*s	Power law	[59]
ABS/carbon fibers	0.50	k = 8213 Pa*s	Power law	[59]
ABS/oil palm fiber (up to 7 wt.% in content)	0.53–0.71	k = 0.0024 − 0.0008	Power law	[60]
Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)	0.40–0.47	η0 = 5.65 × 102 − 2.95 × 104 Pa*s	Cross model	[61]
Polycaprolactone (PCL)	0.18	η0 = 4.55 × 103 Pa*s	Cross model	[61]
	0.47–0.49	/	/	[62]
PCL/ hydrolyzed collagen (30 wt.%)	0.6–0.7	/	/	[62]
Polyethylene oxide (PEO)	0.47	η0 = 4.18 × 104 Pa*s	Cross model	[61]
Polyethylene/wood flour (up to 50 wt%)	0.4	k = 104–4 × 104 Pa*sn	Power law	[63]
Poly(D,L-lactic-acid) (PDLLA)	0.33	η∞ = 0.1 Pa*s; η0 = 2260 Pa*s, λ = 0.0294 s	Carreau–Yasuda	[64]
Polylactide acid (PLA)	0.32	/	Power Law	[58]
	0.69	η∞ = 0 Pa*s; η0 = 1945 Pa*s, λ = 0.08 s	Carreau–Yasuda	[65]
	0.29–0.37	η∞ = 0 Pa*s; η0 = 1480–9460 Pa*s, λ = 0.013–0.083 s	Cross	[44]
PLA/carbon nanotubes (CNT) (1.5 to 12 wt.%)	0.51–0.07	/	Power law	[66]
PLA/ graphene nanoplates (GNP) (1.5 to 12 wt.%)	1–0.15	/	Power law	[66]
PLA/copper (66 wt.%)	0.52	k = 215 Pa*s	Power law	[67]
PLA/carbon fibers (14 wt.%)	0.76	k = 222 Pa*s	Power law	[67]
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/ CNT(1 wt.%)/ nano hydroxyapatite up to 10 wt.%)	0.53–0.56	/	/	[68]
Polypropylene/CNT (0.3–1 wt.%)	0.27–0.28	η0 = 440–509 Pa*s	Carreau–Winter	[69]