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. 2023 Dec 15;13(24):3148. doi: 10.3390/nano13243148

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(i) The electric charge of the piezoelectric PVDF effect results from a deformation of the crystal lattice by changing the distance d when applying the pressure, producing a dipole moment. (ii) The results of PVDF microfluidic experimental data acquisition by LabVIEW software. (a) The capacitance values with the air flow impulses at differential pressures. (b) The voltages transfor-mation from capacitance by a charge amplifier. (c) The different frequency amplitudes with flow rates. (d) The output amplitude of the flow rates of frequency response versus the flow rate under different curvature radii [124], Copyright 2008, IEEE.