Table 1.

Fabrication, mechanism, and applications of 3D printed integrated sensors.

Methods	Printed Materials	Mechanism	Applications	Ref.
FFF	Thermoplastic elastomer	Capacitive	Force sensor	[42]
	TPU/PLA/Carbon black	Capacitive, Resistive	Mechanical and tactile sensing	[17]
	Polyphenylsulfone/Polycarbonate	Capacitive	Biomedical sensing, human interface devices, material sensing	[43]
	PA12/Magnetic particle	Magnetic	Magnetic sensor application	[44]
DIW	Sensor: TPU/Carbon black, Electrode: TPU/Ag	Piezoresistive	Skin-attachable electronics, human–machine interfaces, and electronic skins	[41]
	Silver with sacrificial ink	Inductive/capacitive	Food deterioration	[45]
	Graphene/PDMS and PTFE/PDMS	Electrical resistive	Smart textile	[46]
	Urethane Triacrylate/Methacrylic acid	Inductive/capacitive	Neuro-robotics and neuro-prosthetics	[47]
	Clay slurry	Capacitive	Relative humidity sensing	[48]
LPBF	Type K thermocouple	Seebeck effect	Temperature sensing	[49]
	SS 316L powder (Conductive material)	Magnetic	Structural health monitoring	[50]
SLM	SUS 316L, Inconel 718C	Thermal	Self-cognitive ability of metals	[51]
SLA	PDMS	Electrochemical	Biologically active molecule sensing	[52]
	Optical fiber	Pulse-calling	Particle analysis	[53]
DLP	Elastomer	Piezoresistive	Tactile sensor	[52]
	SP-RF0900	Resistive	Robotic manipulation	[54]
	Resin	Capacitive	Particulate matter sensing	[55]
DED	Ti-6AL-4V	Magnetic	Eddy current test	[56]
	Stainless Steel/Zirconia	Resistive	Structural health monitoring	[57]
Inkjet	Tin oxide	Electrical resistive	Gas sensing	[34]
	ZnO	Resistive	Gas sensing	[58]
	Acrylic rubber	Resistive	Robotic gripper	[59]
FDM	TPU/graphite ink	Capacitive	Robotics	[60]
	PLA/wax filament	Nucleotide sequence	Dengue virus detection	[61]
	BTO/MWCNT/PVDF	Piezoelectric	Energy storage	[62]
	BTO/PVDF	Piezoelectric	Pressure sensing	[63]