Table 2.
Weighted characteristics of the NHANES respondents by sleep duration (2005–2018), N = 29,217.
| Characteristics | Short Sleep Duration | Long Sleep Duration | Recommended/Adequate Sleep Duration | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 10,159 | n = 3403 | n = 15,655 | |||||
| Age, mean ± S.E., y | 47.2 ± 0.3 | 49.8 ± 0.6 | 48.1 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | |||
| BMI, mean ± S.E., kg/ | 29.8 ± 0.1 | 29.0 ± 0.2 | 28.7 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | |||
| Sex (female), % | 5108 | 48.8 (47.3, 50.3) | 1935 | 60.5 (57.9, 63.2) | 8155 | 52.3 (51.3, 53.4) | <0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3867 | 61.3 (58.2, 64.4) | 1594 | 67.0 (63.4, 70.6) | 7440 | 71.5 (69.0, 73.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2970 | 16.8 (14.7, 19.0) | 663 | 10.9 (9.0, 12.9) | 2685 | 8.1 (7.0, 9.2) | |
| Mexican American | 1380 | 8.4 (7.1, 9.7) | 516 | 9.5 (7.4, 11.6) | 2453 | 8.1 (6.8, 9.4) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1023 | 6.1 (5.0, 7.2) | 315 | 5.3 (4.0, 6.6) | 1394 | 4.8 (4.0, 5.6) | |
| Other | 919 | 7.4 (6.5, 8.2) | 315 | 7.3 (5.6, 8.9) | 1683 | 7.5 (6.6, 8.5) | |
| Poverty-to-income ratio, % |
<0.0001 | ||||||
| <1.3 | 3280 | 24.4 (22.6, 26.1) | 1255 | 28.6 (25.9, 31.2) | 4310 | 18.6 (17.4, 19.8) | |
| 1.3–1.85 | 3889 | 36.6 (35.1, 38.1) | 1347 | 37.8 (35.1, 40.6) | 5905 | 34.4 (32.8, 36.1) | |
| >1.85 | 2990 | 39.0 (36.6, 41.3) | 801 | 33.6 (30.1, 37.1) | 5440 | 46.9 (44.9, 49.0) | |
| Education, % | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 2421 | 16.2 (14.9, 17.6) | 935 | 18.9 (17.0, 20.9) | 3387 | 13.3 (12.0, 14.6) | |
| High school | 2513 | 26.6 (25.0, 28.2) | 849 | 26.4 (24.2, 28.6) | 3389 | 20.7 (19.5, 21.9) | |
| Some college | 3223 | 34.5 (32.8, 36.1) | 996 | 31.0 (28.3, 33.7) | 4505 | 30.1 (28.7, 31.5) | |
| ≥4-year degree | 2002 | 22.7 (20.9, 24.5) | 623 | 23.7 (20.4, 26.9) | 4374 | 35.9 (33.7, 38.0) | |
| Physical activity, % | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Sedentary | 2564 | 21.0 (19.6, 22.4) | 1148 | 28.7 (26.2, 31.3) | 3689 | 18.2 (17.1, 19.3) | |
| Low | 1656 | 15.5 (14.6, 16.5) | 559 | 15.7 (13.9, 17.5) | 2606 | 16.9 (15.8, 17.9) | |
| Moderate | 1349 | 13.8 (12.8, 14.8) | 452 | 13.8 (11.8, 15.7) | 2480 | 16.7 (15.7, 17.6) | |
| High | 4590 | 49.7 (47.8, 51.5) | 1244 | 41.8 (38.4, 45.2) | 6880 | 48.2 (46.7, 49.7) | |
| Current smoker (Yes), % | 2425 | 25.3 (23.8, 26.7) | 657 | 20.3 (18.2, 22.4) | 2595 | 15.8 (14.7, 16.9) | <0.0001 |
| Depression severity, % | |||||||
| 0–3 | 6312 | 63.1 (61.5, 64.8) | 2208 | 63.8 (61.4, 66.1) | 11,779 | 76.2 (74.5, 77.5) | |
| 4–14 | 3336 | 32.4 (31.0, 33.9) | 1046 | 31.7 (29.2, 34.2) | 3551 | 22.1 (20.8, 23.3) | |
| 15–27 | 511 | 4.5 (3.8, 5.1) | 149 | 4.5 (3.4, 5.6) | 325 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | |
| Modified HEI-2015 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| <43.8 | 2699 | 28.0 (26.6, 29.4) | 879 | 28.3 (25.2, 31.4) | 3375 | 22.7 (21.3, 24.0) | |
| 43.8–62.5 | 5137 | 50.2 (48.8, 51.6) | 1686 | 49.6 (47.0, 52.3) | 7870 | 49.9 (48.7, 51.2) | |
| >62.5 | 2323 | 21.8 (20.3, 23.3) | 838 | 22.1 (19.5, 24.7) | 4410 | 27.4 (26.0, 28.7) | |
| Alcohol consumption, g/day | 8.3 ± 0.4 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | |||
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 2044.7 ± 11.9 | 1927.7 ± 18.5 | 2057.3 ± 9.6 | <0.0001 | |||
| Caffeine intake, mg/day | 176.8 ± 4.0 | 140.4 ± 4.2 | 165.7 ± 2.9 | <0.0001 | |||
| Berry consumers (Yes), % | 1962 | 21.2 (19.7, 22.6) | 719 | 24.4 (21.8, 27.0) | 3736 | 28.0 (26.4, 29.6) | <0.0001 |
All percentages and means ± S.E. were adjusted for survey weights. Comparison between berry consumers and nonconsumers: for categorical data, false-discovery rate-adjusted p-value was estimated using Rao-Scott x2 test for categorical data and t-test for continuous data.