Table 3.
Weighted characteristics of the NHANES respondents by sleep difficulty (2005–2018), N = 29,217.
| Characteristics | Sleep Difficulty (Yes) | Sleep Difficulty (No) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 7694 | n = 21,523 | ||||
| Age, mean ± S.E., y | 51.4 ± 0.3 | 46.6 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | ||
| BMI, mean ± S.E., kg/ | 30.2 ± 0.1 | 28.7 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | ||
| Sex (female), % | 4561 | 59.0 (57.3, 60.8) | 10,637 | 49.6 (48.6, 50.5) | <0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4051 | 74.5 (72.0, 77.0) | 8850 | 65.2 (62.6, 67.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1639 | 10.3 (8.9, 11.7) | 4679 | 11.5 (10.1, 12.9) | |
| Mexican American | 779 | 5.2 (4.2, 6.1) | 3570 | 9.6 (8.1, 11.0) | |
| Other Hispanic | 642 | 4.1 (3.3, 4.9) | 2090 | 5.7 (4.8, 6.7) | |
| Other | 583 | 5.9 (5.1, 6.8) | 2334 | 8.0 (7.1, 8.9) | |
| Poverty-to-income ratio, % | 0.0196 | ||||
| <1.3 | 2537 | 23.3 (21.5, 25.2) | 6308 | 20.9 (19.7, 22.1) | |
| 1.3–1.85 | 2817 | 34.3 (32.2, 36.3) | 8324 | 36.0 (34.7, 37.4) | |
| >1.85 | 2340 | 42.4 (39.8, 45.0) | 6891 | 43.1 (41.2, 45.0) | |
| Education, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 1636 | 13.3 (11.9, 14.7) | 5107 | 15.5 (14.2, 16.7) | |
| High school | 1833 | 24.8 (23.1, 26.6) | 4918 | 22.6 (21.5, 23.7) | |
| Some college | 2535 | 33.9 (32.0, 35.9) | 6189 | 30.7 (29.5, 31.8) | |
| ≥4-year degree | 1690 | 27.9 (25.5, 30.4) | 5309 | 31.3 (29.4, 33.1) | |
| Physical activity, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| Sedentary | 6097 | 21.8 (20.7, 22.8) | 5211 | 19.1 (18.1, 20.1) | |
| Low | 3751 | 16.6 (15.8, 17.4) | 3495 | 15.9 (15.2, 16.7) | |
| Moderate | 3190 | 14.5 (13.7, 15.3) | 3211 | 15.7 (14.8, 16.5) | |
| High | 9762 | 47.1 (45.8, 48.4) | 9606 | 49.3 (48.0, 50.6) | |
| Current smoker (Yes), % | 1855 | 23.7 (22.0, 25.4) | 3822 | 17.6 (16.7, 18.5) | <0.0001 |
| Depression severity, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| 0–3 | 3729 | 51.1 (49.2, 53.0) | 16,570 | 78.1 (77.1, 79.2) | |
| 4–14 | 3331 | 42.0 (40.2, 43.8) | 4602 | 20.5 (19.5, 21.5) | |
| 15–27 | 634 | 6.9 (6.2, 7.6) | 351 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) | |
| Modified HEI-2015 | 0.518 | ||||
| <43.8 | 1981 | 25.6 (23.8, 27.3) | 4972 | 24.8 (23.5, 26.0) | |
| 43.8–62.5 | 3820 | 50.1 (48.4, 51.8) | 10,873 | 49.9 (48.8, 51.1) | |
| >62.5 | 1893 | 24.3 (22.6, 26.1) | 5678 | 25.3 (24.0, 26.5) | |
| Alcohol intake, g/day | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | ||
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 1976.6 ± 12.6 | 2061.9 ± 8.2 | <0.0001 | ||
| Caffeine intake, mg/day | 180.5 ± 3.3 | 160.8 ± 2.8 | <0.0001 | ||
| Berry consumers (Yes), % | 1684 | 25.5 (23.7, 27.2) | 4733 | 25.4 (24.1, 26.8) | 0.941 |
All percentages and means ± S.E. were adjusted for survey weights. Comparison between berry consumers and nonconsumers: for categorical data, false-discovery rate-adjusted p-value was estimated using Rao-Scott x2 test for categorical data and t-test for continuous data.