Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants according to breastfeeding duration (unweighted n = 1666).
| Breastfeeding Duration (Months) | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–18 | 19–36 | 37–72 | ≥73 | ||
| Unweighted n | 161 | 411 | 559 | 535 | |
| Age (years) | 70.1 ± 0.4 c | 70.1 ± 0.3 c | 72.5 ± 0.2 b | 75.2 ± 0.2 a | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 151.8 ± 0.5 ab | 152.8 ± 0.3 a | 151.3 ± 0.3 b | 149.9 ± 0.3 c | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 55.4 ± 0.7 bc | 57.2 ± 0.5 a | 56.3 ± 0.4 ab | 54.7 ± 0.5 c | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 0.3 | 24.4 ± 0.2 | 24.6 ± 0.1 | 24.3 ± 0.2 | 0.199 |
| Smoking (yes) | 3.5 (1.7) | 1.7 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.7) | 0.694 |
| Drinking (yes) | 23.3 (3.7) | 19.2 (2.4) | 20.6 (1.9) | 15.2 (1.7) | 0.098 |
| Regular walking (yes) | 38.7 (4.3) | 37.5 (2.8) | 34.7 (2.5) | 23.1 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Daily frequency of tooth brushing | |||||
| ≤1 | 15.9 (3.3) | 12.7 (2.0) | 19.3 (2.1) | 20.1 (1.9) | 0.010 |
| 2 | 38.0 (4.4) | 52.1 (2.8) | 49.7 (2.5) | 47.1 (2.2) | |
| ≥3 | 46.0 (4.5) | 35.2 (2.6) | 31.0 (2.4) | 32.8 (2.3) | |
| Hypertension (yes) | 48.8 (4.3) | 54.6 (2.9) | 56.0 (2.3) | 60.9 (2.6) | 0.079 |
| Diabetes (yes) | 13.5 (2.5) | 16.6 (2.0) | 24.0 (2.1) | 22.9 (2.3) | 0.006 |
| Dyslipidemia (yes) | 39.2 (4.1) | 38.3 (2.6) | 30.0 (2.3) | 28.9 (2.3) | 0.009 |
| Stroke/myocardial infarction/ angina pectoris (yes) |
15.1 (3.4) | 8.3 (1.5) | 12.6 (1.6) | 15.2 (2.0) | 0.045 |
| Cancer (yes) | 10.4 (2.6) | 7.7 (1.5) | 8.1 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.3) | 0.538 |
| Number of chronic diseases 1 | |||||
| 0 | 27.7 (4.0) | 27.8 (2.4) | 26.1 (2.1) | 23.4 (2.1) | 0.847 |
| 1 | 35.0 (4.2) | 35.7 (2.7) | 35.2 (2.4) | 35.7 (2.5) | |
| ≥2 | 37.3 (4.0) | 36.5 (2.6) | 38.7 (2.3) | 40.9 (2.7) | |
| Number of pregnancies | 4.1 ± 0.2 d | 5.0 ± 0.1 c | 5.6 ± 0.1 b | 6.6 ± 0.1 a | <0.001 |
| Time since last birth (years) | 40.6 ± 0.7 ab | 41.0 ± 0.3 b | 42.0 ± 0.3 a | 41.6 ± 0.3 ab | 0.031 |
| Breastfeeding duration (months) | 10.6 ± 0.4 d | 30.6 ± 0.3 c | 58.0 ± 0.5 b | 123.9 ± 2.2 a | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SE or percentage (SE). 1 The chronic diseases included hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, stroke/myocardial infarction/angina pectoris and cancer. p values were calculated using a general linear model or the chi-square test. Different letters indicate significant differences with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test (a > b > c > d).