Table 3.

Summary of the major results reported in the literature, for both studied groups and for the evaluation between intervention and control group.

Study Reference		[31]	[32]	[37]	[38]	[39]	[40]	[41]	[42]	[43]	[44]	[34]	[33]	[35]	[36]
Glycemic control
HbA1c	I		*		•			*		*		*	*
	C			*	•					*		•
	p	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	<0.05			>0.05		<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05
HOMA-IR	I		*						*		*		*
	C								*
	p		>0.05						<0.05		<0.05		<0.05
Fasting glucose	I		*		•			*	*						•
	C				•			*	*						•
	p		>0.05	>0.05	<0.05	>0.05		>0.05	>0.05		>0.05			>0.05	>0.05
Fasting insulin	I		*		•				*		*		*		•
	C				•										•
	p		>0.05		<0.05				<0.05		<0.05		<0.05		>0.05
C-peptide	I
	C
	p														>0.05
Fructosamine	I
	C					*
	p					>0.05
Glucose sensitivity	I
	C
	p													>0.05
Anthropometry
Body weight	I		*	*				*	*		*	*	*		•
	C		*	*				*	*	*	*				•
	p		>0.05	>0.05				>0.05	<0.05	>0.05	>0.05	<0.05	<0.05		>0.05
BMI	I		*	*				*	*			•
	C		*	*				*	*	*		•
	p	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05		>0.05		>0.05	<0.05	<0.05		<0.05
Waist circumference	I		*							*	*		*
	C		*								*
	p		>0.05	>0.05		>0.05				<0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05
Hip circumference	I		*
	C
	p		<0.05							>0.05
Waist–hip ratio	I									*
	C
	p		>0.05			>0.05				<0.05
Triceps skinfold	I											*
	C
	p											<0.05
Body composition
Fat mass	I					*						•
	C									*		•
	p					<0.05				<0.05	-	<0.05
Fat free mass	I											•
	C											•
	p										-	>0.05
Lipid profile
TC	I	*						*				*	*		•
	C							*				•	*		•
	p	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05		>0.05		>0.05			-	>0.05	>0.05		>0.05
LDL-C	I										*	•	*		•
	C							*				•			•
	p	>0.05	>0.05	<0.05				>0.05			>0.05	>0.05			>0.05
HDL-C	I										*				•
	C		*	*				*							•
	p	>0.05	<0.05	>0.05		>0.05		<0.05			>0.05	>0.05	>0.05		>0.05
VLDL	I											*
	C											•
	p											>0.05	>0.05
Triglycerides	I											*	*		•
	C							*				•	*		•
	p	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05		>0.05		<0.05			-	>0.05	<0.05		>0.05
LDL-C/HDL-C	I
	C							*
	p		>0.05					>0.05
ApoB	I												*
	C												*
	p										-		<0.05
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure	I		*
	C									*	*
	p		>0.05					>0.05		>0.05	>0.05		>0.05
Diastolic blood pressure	I		*					*			*
	C							*		*	*
	p		>0.05					>0.05		<0.05	>0.05		>0.05
CVD risk
Vessel wall volume	I
	C							*
	p							>0.05
Framingham risk score	I
	C
	p							>0.05
Hs-cTnl	I						•
	C						•
	p						>0.05
Galectin-3	I						•
	C						•
	p						>0.05
Inflammatory markers
C-reactive protein	I							*
	C
	p					>0.05		<0.05			-
High sensitivity C-reactive protein	I		*		•								*
	C				•
	p		<0.05		<0.05								<0.05
IL-6	I				•
	C				•
	p		>0.05		<0.05	-
Hormones
Leptin	I
	C
	p		>0.05
Adiponectin	I
	C
	p		>0.05			>0.05
Hepatic function
AST	I
	C		*
	p		>0.05								-
ALT	I
	C
	p		>0.05								-
GGT	I		*
	C
	p		>0.05								-
Uric acid	I
	C
	p		>0.05								-
Renal function
Urea	I							*
	C							*
	p							>0.05
Creatinine	I
	C							*
	p							<0.05
eGFR	I
	C							*
	p							<0.05
Intestinal microbiota
Enterococcus	I				•
	C				•
	p				<0.05
Escherichia coli	I				•
	C				•
	p				<0.05
Bifidobacterium	I				•
	C				•
	p				<0.05
Lactobacillus	I				•
	C				•
	p				<0.05
Quality of life
Total SF-36 score	I	*
	C
	p	<0.05
SF-36 mental health	I	*
	C
	p	<0.05

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; apoB, apolipoprotein B; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; C, control group; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; hs-cTnI, high sensitivity cardiac troponin I; I, intervention group; IL-6, interleukin-6; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Survey; TC, total cholesterol; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.