Table 4.
Dietary intake assessment methods, daily energy and nutrients intake, diet GI and GL results of the included studies.
| Study | Dietary Intake Assessment |
Group | Energy (kcal/Day) | CHO (E%) | Dietary Fiber (g/Day) | Diet GI | Diet GL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End | Baseline | End | Baseline | End | Baseline | End | Baseline | End | ||||
| [31] | Food record | 5 days | I | 2233 ± 61 | 2230 ± 65 | 48.9 | 47.1 | 14.6 ± 3.1 | 11.6 ± 3.1 | - | - | - | - |
| Photo diary of meals | C | 2216 ± 55 | 2230 ± 65 | 64.4 | 52.5 | 14.3 ± 4.9 | 16.7 ± 3.1 | - | - | - | - | ||
| [32] | 24 h recall | 1 day | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Diary of sweets consumption | |||||||||||||
| [37] | Food record | - | I | 1350 ± 310 | - | 50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| C | 1210 ± 3730 | - | 50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| [39] | Food record | 3 days | I | 2218 ± 602 | 1998 ± 596 | 59.8 ± 9.3 | 57.0 ± 8.1 | 19.6 ± 7.6 | 21.4 ± 7.2 | 63 ± 6 | 54 ± 4 | 39.3 ± 12.4 | 32.5 ± 10.6 |
| C | 2432 ± 581 | 2013 ± 591 | 53.5 ± 8.4 | 57.9 ± 7.7 | 18.5 ± 5.4 | 20.6 ± 6.1 | 66 ± 4 | 72 ± 3 | 36.2 ± 10.1 | 39.3 ± 12.4 | |||
| [40] | Food record | 7 days | I | 1916 (1805–2026) |
1706 (1607–1805) |
42.2 (40.9–43.4) |
44.0 (42.4–45.6) |
26.6 | 31.9 | 80.8 (79.6–82.0) |
69.6 (67.7–71.4) |
161.6 (151.8–171.4) |
128.9 (120.5–137.3) |
| C | 1830 (1720–1940) |
1690 (1594–1786) |
45.4 (43.7–47.0) |
47.5 (45.8–49.1) |
25.8 | 26.5 | 81.5 (80.4–82.7) |
83.5 (82.4–84.7) |
169.0 (156.5–181.5) |
166.0 (155.5–176.4) |
|||
| [41] | Food record | 7 days | I | 1757 ± 489 | 1529 ± 438 | 48.0 ± 8.1 | 49.2 ± 7.9 | 26.9 | 35.5 | 78.9 ± 5.6 | 67.3 ± 7.5 | 102 ± 32 | 73 ± 26 |
| C | 1765 ± 415 | 1533 ± 424 | 47.7 ± 8.0 | 49.3 ± 8.1 | 25.6 | 28.1 | 79.5 ± 6.9 | 81.3 ± 5.6 | 103 ± 29 | 93 ± 31 | |||
| [43] | 24 h recall | 3 days | I | 1567 ± 513 | 1446 ± 401 | 54.6 ± 8.1 | 45.6 ± 8.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| C | 1426 ± 353 | 1523 ± 550 | 52.1 ± 9.4 | 42.7 ± 8.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| [44] | Food record | 3 days | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| [34] | 24 h recall * | 1 day | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| FFQ | 59 items | ||||||||||||
| [33] | 24 h recall | 1 day | I | 1430 ± 182 | 1511 ± 138 | 64.6 ± 5.6 | 61.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| FFQ | 60 items | C | 1555 ± 233 | 1450 ± 157 | 63.3 ± 6.0 | 65.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| [36] | Food record | 7 days | I | 995 ± 201 | - | 38.6 | - | 29 ± 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| FFQ ** | - | C | 1117 ± 380 | - | 50.1 | - | 22 ± 6 | - | - | - | - | - | |
C, control group; CHO, carbohydrate; E%, percentage of energy intake; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; I, intervention group. * Baseline data not available. ** Validated tool.