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. 2023 Dec 1;9(12):e23107. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23107

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

a) Results from extrusion tests performed on inks with 10 %, 12.5 % and 15 % collagen at pH 7.0. Optimization and characterization of the ink formulation through different process steps, by: b) lowering the pH; c) a static mixing step. The black curve is the final ink formulation at a pH of 3.5, after static mixing.