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. 2023 Nov 23;26(12):108567. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108567

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Performance of DPPC-TC-ONOO– in biomimetic membranes

(A) Conceptual illustration of vesicle membrane sensing ONOO−.

(B) Confocal images acquired for untreated (top row) and peroxynitrite-treated (middle and bottom rows) GVs.

(C) Confocal images acquired for GVs treated with other RONS. (B,C) Vesicles were prepared from POPC (98.5%, molar ratio) and DPPC-TC-ONOO– (1%) via electroformation. Liss-Rhod PE (red, 560 nm excitation) was used at 0.5 mol % to label vesicle membranes. In the absence of ONOO− or in the presence of other RONS (100 μM), vesicles emit minimal fluorescence following excitation at 405 nm (DPPC-TC channel). GVs emit strong fluorescence only when ONOO− is present, not when other RONS are used. Fluorescence images are shown for each field of view to demonstrate the localization of the fluorescent phospholipid product DPPC-TC with respect to the vesicle membranes. Scale bar = 5 μm.