Table 3.
Association between each PM2.5 levels and metabolic components
| Variables | PM2.5 exposure levels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 255) | Medium (n = 75) | High (n = 52) | p-value | p for trend | |
| HBP (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg) | 6 (2.4) | 7 (9.5) | 1 (2.0) | 0.020* | 0.345 |
| Glucose intolerance | 12 (4.7) | 6 (8.0) | 8 (15.4) | 0.023* | 0.006* |
| GDM | 14 (5.5) | 7 (9.3) | 8 (15.4) | 0.045* | 0.012* |
| HDL-c < 40 mg/dl | 27 (19.4) | 9 (21.4) | 1 (4.2) | 0.157 | 0.171 |
| TG ≥ 175 mg/dl | 211 (93.8) | 63 (96.9) | 45 (100.0) | 0.187 | 0.055 |
| TG/HDL ≥ 3.0 | 119 (85.6) | 31 (73.8) | 19 (79.2) | 0.178 | 0.170 |
| Metabolic dysfunction | 53 (20.8) | 19 (25.3) | 14 (26.9) | 0.507 | 0.147 |
Data are presented as N (%)
Analysis was conducted using the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and the linear-by-linear association. Increased exposure to PM impacts glucose metabolism and may also influence elevated blood pressure and triglyceride levels, although the significance of these effects is limited or statistically insignificant
Low group: participants who were exposed to PM2.5 levels below 15 /m3 throughout the entire pregnancy. Medium group: participants who were exposed to PM2.5 levels equal to or greater than 15 μg/m3 during any trimester of pregnancy. High group: participants who were exposed to PM2.5 levels above 15 μg/m3 more than two trimesters in pregnancy
HBP high blood pressure, GDM gestational diabetes, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides
*p-value < 0.05