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. 2023 Dec 8;25:e47873. doi: 10.2196/47873

Table 4.

Associations of sarcopenia determined by the index test (Sit to Stand app) with health-related risk factors and the frailty phenotype (N=686).

Risk factor Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia

SARCHGa+ASMb SARCHG+SMIc SARC5STSd+ASM SARC5STS+SMI

ORe (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Education level








High level (n=356; reference)








Low level (n=319) 1.71 (1.23-2.39)f 1.48 (1.03-2.14)f 2.19 (1.40-3.43)f 1.93 (1.18-3.14)f 1.76 (1.31-2.38)f 1.68 (1.21-2.35)f 1.62 (1.15-2.27)f 1.69 (1.15-2.48)f
Socioeconomic level








High level (n=545; reference)








Low level (n=97) 1.55 (1.01-2.40)f 1.21 (0.75-1.96) 1.75 (0.10-2.99)f 1.40 (0.77-2.56) 1.95 (1.32-2.88)f 1.89 (1.22-2.94)f 1.85 (1.21-2.84)f 2.13 (1.27-3.58)f
Comorbidities








<2 pathologies (n=159; reference)








≥2 pathologies (n=527) 3.03 (1.82-5.03)f 2.56 (1.49-4.39)f 5.17 (2.18-12.24)f 5.03 (2.05-12.30)f 2.87 (1.87-4.43)f 2.94 (1.85-4.67)f 2.93 (1.76-4.87)f 3.74 (2.15-6.50)f
Smoking habit








Not smoking (n=611; reference)








Smoking (n=74) 0.67 (0.38-1.21) 1.28 (0.67-2.41) 0.65 (0.29-1.44) 1.10 (0.46-2.63) 0.99 (0.62-1.60) 1.60 (0.94-2.70) 1.31 (0.80-2.16) 1.83 (1.03-3.27)f
Polypharmacy








<5 drugs (n=538; reference)








≥5 drugs (n=145) 2.03 (1.41-2.92)f 2.32 (1.53-3.51)f 2.52 (1.61-3.96)f 2.92 (1.74-4.91)f 2.23 (1.60-3.11)f 2.62 (1.79-3.84)f 2.12 (1.47-3.05)f 2.80 (1.80-4.34)f
Self-perceived health








High level (n=553; reference)








Low level (n=133) 2.14 (1.48-3.10)f 1.92 (1.27-2.91)f 2.29 (1.44-3.64)f 2.29 (1.37-3.85)f 1.89 (1.34-2.66)f 1.96 (1.33-2.88)f 1.81 (1.24-2.65)f 2.32 (1.48-3.62)f
Depression








Not depressed (n=557; reference)








Depressed (n=129) 1.74 (1.19-2.54)f 1.42 (0.93-2.15) 1.57 (0.96-2.58) 1.36 (0.79-2.33) 1.52 (1.07-2.17)f 1.39 (0.94-2.04) 1.29 (0.86-1.92) 1.29 (0.81-2.03)
Falls in the last year








<2 falls (n=599; reference)








≥2 falls (n=85) 1.68 (1.08-2.62)f 1.31 (0.73-2.33) 2.07 (1.21-3.55)f 1.79 (1.00-3.23)f 1.63 (1.08-2.45)f 1.46 (0.93-2.30) 1.39 (0.87-2.20) 1.37 (0.80-2.32)
Hospitalization








Not hospitalized (n=594; reference)








Hospitalized (n=90) 1.23 (0.78-1.95) 1.27 (0.80-2.12) 1.36 (0.76-2.43) 1.15 (0.61-2.17) 1.57 (1.05-2.35)f 1.50 (0.95-2.35) 1.84 (1.19-2.83)f 1.49 (0.90-2.48)
Frailty phenotype








Not frail (n=665; reference)








Frail (n=21) 4.35 (2.08-9.10)f 3.95 (1.69-9.27)f 6.44 (2.97-13.95)f 6.64 (2.61-16.87)f 3.59 (1.72-7.48)f 3.32 (1.44-7.67)f 2.97 (1.39-6.35)f 3.42 (1.38-8.59)f

aHG: handgrip strength.

bASM: appendicular skeletal mass.

cSMI: skeletal muscle index.

d5STS: 5 times sit-to-stand.

eOR: odds ratio.

fStatistical significance at an α level of .05 (P<.05; 1-tailed test).