Table 4.
Associations of sarcopenia determined by the index test (Sit to Stand app) with health-related risk factors and the frailty phenotype (N=686).
| Risk factor | Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia | |||||||||||||||||||
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SARCHGa+ASMb | SARCHG+SMIc | SARC5STSd+ASM | SARC5STS+SMI | ||||||||||||||||
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ORe (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Education level |
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High level (n=356; reference) |
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Low level (n=319) | 1.71 (1.23-2.39)f | 1.48 (1.03-2.14)f | 2.19 (1.40-3.43)f | 1.93 (1.18-3.14)f | 1.76 (1.31-2.38)f | 1.68 (1.21-2.35)f | 1.62 (1.15-2.27)f | 1.69 (1.15-2.48)f | |||||||||||
| Socioeconomic level |
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High level (n=545; reference) |
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Low level (n=97) | 1.55 (1.01-2.40)f | 1.21 (0.75-1.96) | 1.75 (0.10-2.99)f | 1.40 (0.77-2.56) | 1.95 (1.32-2.88)f | 1.89 (1.22-2.94)f | 1.85 (1.21-2.84)f | 2.13 (1.27-3.58)f | |||||||||||
| Comorbidities |
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<2 pathologies (n=159; reference) |
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≥2 pathologies (n=527) | 3.03 (1.82-5.03)f | 2.56 (1.49-4.39)f | 5.17 (2.18-12.24)f | 5.03 (2.05-12.30)f | 2.87 (1.87-4.43)f | 2.94 (1.85-4.67)f | 2.93 (1.76-4.87)f | 3.74 (2.15-6.50)f | |||||||||||
| Smoking habit |
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Not smoking (n=611; reference) |
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Smoking (n=74) | 0.67 (0.38-1.21) | 1.28 (0.67-2.41) | 0.65 (0.29-1.44) | 1.10 (0.46-2.63) | 0.99 (0.62-1.60) | 1.60 (0.94-2.70) | 1.31 (0.80-2.16) | 1.83 (1.03-3.27)f | |||||||||||
| Polypharmacy |
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<5 drugs (n=538; reference) |
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≥5 drugs (n=145) | 2.03 (1.41-2.92)f | 2.32 (1.53-3.51)f | 2.52 (1.61-3.96)f | 2.92 (1.74-4.91)f | 2.23 (1.60-3.11)f | 2.62 (1.79-3.84)f | 2.12 (1.47-3.05)f | 2.80 (1.80-4.34)f | |||||||||||
| Self-perceived health |
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High level (n=553; reference) |
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Low level (n=133) | 2.14 (1.48-3.10)f | 1.92 (1.27-2.91)f | 2.29 (1.44-3.64)f | 2.29 (1.37-3.85)f | 1.89 (1.34-2.66)f | 1.96 (1.33-2.88)f | 1.81 (1.24-2.65)f | 2.32 (1.48-3.62)f | |||||||||||
| Depression |
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Not depressed (n=557; reference) |
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Depressed (n=129) | 1.74 (1.19-2.54)f | 1.42 (0.93-2.15) | 1.57 (0.96-2.58) | 1.36 (0.79-2.33) | 1.52 (1.07-2.17)f | 1.39 (0.94-2.04) | 1.29 (0.86-1.92) | 1.29 (0.81-2.03) | |||||||||||
| Falls in the last year |
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<2 falls (n=599; reference) |
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≥2 falls (n=85) | 1.68 (1.08-2.62)f | 1.31 (0.73-2.33) | 2.07 (1.21-3.55)f | 1.79 (1.00-3.23)f | 1.63 (1.08-2.45)f | 1.46 (0.93-2.30) | 1.39 (0.87-2.20) | 1.37 (0.80-2.32) | |||||||||||
| Hospitalization |
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Not hospitalized (n=594; reference) |
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Hospitalized (n=90) | 1.23 (0.78-1.95) | 1.27 (0.80-2.12) | 1.36 (0.76-2.43) | 1.15 (0.61-2.17) | 1.57 (1.05-2.35)f | 1.50 (0.95-2.35) | 1.84 (1.19-2.83)f | 1.49 (0.90-2.48) | |||||||||||
| Frailty phenotype |
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Not frail (n=665; reference) |
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Frail (n=21) | 4.35 (2.08-9.10)f | 3.95 (1.69-9.27)f | 6.44 (2.97-13.95)f | 6.64 (2.61-16.87)f | 3.59 (1.72-7.48)f | 3.32 (1.44-7.67)f | 2.97 (1.39-6.35)f | 3.42 (1.38-8.59)f | |||||||||||
aHG: handgrip strength.
bASM: appendicular skeletal mass.
cSMI: skeletal muscle index.
d5STS: 5 times sit-to-stand.
eOR: odds ratio.
fStatistical significance at an α level of .05 (P<.05; 1-tailed test).