Table 1.
Intervention, types of pain, outcome measures, study design, sample size, and quality assessment of studies included in this systemic review and meta-analysis.
| Study | Year | Intervention | Pain | Measures | Design | Sample (T/C) |
Quality Assessment (RoB2) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I1 | I2 | I3 | I4 | I5 | Total | |||||||
| Zhu et al. [26] | 2023 | patch | surgery | NRS score | between | 50/51 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Landim et al. [17] | 2020 | patch | surgery | VAS score | between | 20/20 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Esmat et al. [15] | 2016 | patch | surgery | VAS score | between | 20/20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Weingarten et al. [18] | 2015 | nasal spray | surgery | NRS score | between | 42/47 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Jankowski et al. [19] | 2011 | nasal spray | surgery | NRS score | between | 72/79 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Turan et al. [9] | 2008 | patch | surgery | VRS score | between | 43/42 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Hong et al. [16] | 2008 | patch | surgery | NRS score | between | 30/10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Habib et al. [20] | 2008 | patch | surgery | VAS score | between | 44/46 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Flood et al. [8] | 2004 | nasal spray | surgery | NRS score | between | 10/10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Mekhail et al. [22] | 2020 | tobacco | CRPS | NRS score | between | 177/192 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Lee et al. [23] | 2020 | tobacco | chronic | NRS score | between | 164/60 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Nastase et al. [10] | 2007 | tobacco | thermal | PTH and PTO | within | 23/23 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Kanarek et al. [11] | 2004 | tobacco | thermal | PTH and PTO | within | 49/49 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Lane et al. [12] | 1995 | tobacco | thermal | PTH and PTO | within | 18/18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Fertig et al. [13] | 1986 | tobacco | thermal | PTH and PTO | within | 10/10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Pomerleau et al. [14] | 1984 | tobacco | thermal | PTH and PTO | within | 5/5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Quality assessment items. Item 1 (I1): bias arising from the randomization process; Item 2 (I2): bias due to deviations from intended interventions; Item 3 (I3): bias due to missing outcome data; Item 4 (I4): bias in measurement of the outcome; Item 5 (I5): bias in selection of the reported result. Abbreviations. T: nicotine group; C: control group; CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome; PTH: pain threshold; PTO: pain tolerance; VAS: visual analogue scale; NRS: numerical rating scale. Definitions (design column): between = randomized control comparison between groups; within = before–after study in the same patient group.