Table 4.
Comparison of baseline characteristics and changes in orofacial motricity and saliva and swallowing assessment in children exposed to Zika virus in the intrauterine period in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| Characteristic | Overall, n = 22 |
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Absent n = 16 |
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Present n = 6 |
p Value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microcephaly | 5/22 (22.73%) | 0/16 (0.00%) | 6/6 (100.0%) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.4 | |||
| Male | 14/22 (63.64%) | 9/16 (56.25%) | 5/6 (83.33%) | |
| Age 2 | 35 (5) | 35 (4) | 35 (6) | 0.6 |
| Gestational age | 0.6 | |||
| 36 | 1/22 (4.55%) | 1/16 (6.25%) | 0/6 (0.00%) | |
| 38 | 3/22 (13.64%) | 2/16 (12.50%) | 1/6 (16.67%) | |
| 39 | 14/22 (63.64%) | 9/16 (56.25%) | 5/6 (83.33%) | |
| 40 | 4/22 (18.18%) | 4/16 (25.00%) | 0/6 (0.00%) | |
| Birth weight (kg)2 | 2.99 (0.45) | 3.05 (0.51) | 2.84 (0.19) | 0.3 |
| Apgar | 0.3 | |||
| 8 | 4/22 (18.18%) | 2/16 (12.50%) | 2/6 (33.33%) | |
| 9 | 18/22 (81.82%) | 14/16 (87.50%) | 4/6 (66.67%) | |
| Adequate NHS | 19/20 (95.00%) | 16/16 (100.00%) | 3/4 (75.00%) | 0.2 |
| Tongue test changed | 1/14 (7.14%) | 1/11 (9.09%) | 0/3 (0.00%) | >0.9 |
| Breathing and heart problems | 0.6 | |||
| Cardiac | 1/22 (4.55%) | 0/16 (0.00%) | 1/6 (16.67%) | |
| Respiratory | 1/22 (4.55%) | 1/16 (6.25%) | 0/6 (0.00%) | |
| Respiratory and cardiac | 1/22 (4.55%) | 1/16 (6.25%) | 0/6 (0.00%) | |
| Inadequate vocal quality | 5/22 (22.73%) | 1/16 (6.25%) | 4/6 (66.67%) | 0.009 |
| Inadequate frequency of swallowing | 5/22 (13.64%) | 0/16 (0.00%) | 5/6 (50.00%) | <0.001 |
| Altered cervical auscultation | 3/22 (13.64%) | 0/16 (0.00%) | 3/6 (50.00%) | 0.013 |
| Average time for liquids | 1.69 (2.22) | 1.90 (2.55) | 1.04 (0.30) | 0.8 |
| Average frequency for liquids | 1.051 (191) | 1.072 (198) | 988 (172) | 0.3 |
| Average loudness for liquids | 57 (27) | 56 (29) | 61 (22) | 0.8 |
| Average time for pasty consistencies | 1.00 (0.35) | 0.94 (0.35) | 1.12 (0.36) | 0.3 |
| Average frequency for pasty consistencies | 1.089 (209) | 1.151 (227) | 965 (91) | 0.075 |
| Average loudness for pasty consistencies | 51 (28) | 51 (30) | 52 (26) | 0.8 |
| Average time for solids | 2.36 (2.67) | 2.36 (2.67) | NA | |
| Average frequency for solids | 1.005 (160) | 1.005 (160) | NA | |
| Average loudness for solids | 61 (24) | 61 (24) | NA | |
1 Wilcoxon rank sum exact test; Fisher’s exact test; Wilcoxon rank sum test. 2 Median (IQR) [Mean (SD)]. NA: Not avaliable