Figure 4.

Effects on different EMF intensities on the arginine-vasopressin-like peptide (avpl) transcripts in I. ricinus adult synganglia from (A) females; (B) males. Data were normalized using the ribosomal protein S4 transcript (rps4), and the expression levels in non-irradiated ticks were assigned a value of 1. Results shown are means and standard errors of means. Asterisks indicate the comparison of the mean to the value of the non-irradiated group. The statistical significance of the fold difference was calculated using an unpaired t-test and is expressed using p values: * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001.