Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios (OR) 1 of asthma and respiratory disease-related symptoms of children in relation to socioeconomic, parental and household factors.
| Variables | Doctor-Diagnosed Asthma | Doctor-Diagnosed Bronchitis | Doctor-Diagnosed Pneumonia | Current Bronchitis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (ref: female) | 0.075 (0.004, 1.311) | 0.472 (0.245, 0.907) * | 0.895 (0.374, 2.144) | 0.557 (0.282, 1.101) |
| Age (year) | 0.667 (0.384, 1.159) | 1.102 (0.957, 1.270) | 0.955 (0.791, 1.153) | 1.020 (0.882, 1.179) |
| District (ref: rural) | 0.277 (0.038, 2.028) | 0.753 (0.399, 1.422) | 3.008 (1.149, 7.873) * | 0.798 (0.404, 1.577) |
| ETS exposure (ref: yes) | 0.142 (0.005, 3.974) | 0.730 (0.341, 1.561) | 1.009 (0.361, 2.816) | 0.764 (0.342, 1.709) |
| Preterm birth (ref: yes) | 0.293 (0.007, 12.750) | 1.050 (0.242, 4.550) | 0.829 (0.129, 5.314) | 0.525 (0.131, 2.098) |
| Body weight (kg) | 1.083 (0.968, 1.211) | 0.992 (0.965, 1.019) | 1.023 (0.987, 1.060) | 1.006 (0.980, 1.034) |
| Breast feeding (ref: no) | ||||
| <4 months | 0.263 (0.009, 7.695) | 3.262 (0.551, 19.303) | 0.339 (0.063, 1.833) | 2.712 (0.415, 17.721) |
| 4–6 months | 0.002 (0.000, 0.642) * | 1.887 (0.311, 11.468) | 0.412 (0.075, 2.254) | 1.634 (0.247, 10.833) |
| >6 months | 0.007 (0.000, 1.126) | 1.820 (0.304, 10.915) | 0.521 (0.097, 2.800) | 2.560 (0.389, 16.841) |
| Sleep in own room (ref: yes) | 0.025 (0.000, 1.469) | 0.621 (0.229, 1.680) | 0.500 (0.113, 2.222) | 1.225 (0.445, 3.368) |
| Sleep in own bed (ref: yes) | 23.906 (0.413, 138.469) | 1.710 (0.573, 5.104) | 2.565 (0.543, 12.121) | 0.635 (0.201, 2.003) |
| Air exposure during commuting (ref: yes) 2 | 0.175 (0.010, 3.125) | 1.293 (0.655, 2.552) | 1.412 (0.537, 3.713) | 0.697 (0.322, 1.508) |
| Doing physical exercise (ref: <30 min/day) 2 | ||||
| 30–60 min | 0.015 (0.000, 0.612) * | 1.135 (0.496, 2.598) | 0.415 (0.126, 1.364) | 0.513 (0.219, 1.202) |
| >60 min | 0.022 (0.001, 0.722) * | 0.994 (0.402, 2.460) | 0.887 (0.286, 2.746) | 0.625 (0.257, 1.519) |
| Mother occupation (ref: no stable income) | ||||
| Mother being blue collar | 0.074 (0.001, 5.360) | 0.650 (0.330, 2.677) | 0.983 (0.111, 8.679) | 1.568 (0.395, 6.231) |
| Mother being white collar | 12.904 (0.318, 523.918) | 0.940 (0.330, 2.677) | 1.995 (0.400, 9.954) | 0.971 (0.300, 3.144) |
| Paternal occupation (ref: no stable income) | ||||
| Father being blue collar | 14.136 (0.060, 333.067) | 2.506 (0.546, 11.498) | 0.374 (0.063, 2.214) | 0.749 (0.169, 3.322) |
| Father being white collar | 0.088 (0.000, 30.175) | 3.304 (0.730, 14.959) | 0.422 (0.093, 1.917) | 0.968 (0.226, 4.137) |
| Paternal education (ref: <College) | 10.831 (0.273, 429.215) | 0.593 (0.192, 1.830) | 1.705 (0.360, 8.081) | 4.040 (1.179, 13.847) * |
| Maternal education level (ref: <College) | 0.065 (0.002, 1.762) | 0.703 (0.237, 2.084) | 0.909 (0.178, 4.636) | 0.272 (0.086, 0.864) * |
| Maternal asthma (ref: no) | 59.446 (1.992, 177.403) * | 5.151 (0.776, 34.172) | 3.796 (0.193, 74.588) | 10.886 (1.645, 72.045) * |
| Maternal bronchitis (ref: no) | 0.284 (0.001, 147.149) | 14.289 (4.818, 42.377) ** | 8.875 (2.418, 32.572) ** | 12.166 (4.161, 35.574) ** |
| Paternal asthma (ref: no) | 25.398 (0.005, 121.496) | 2.120 (0.253, 17.738) | 2.326 (0.146, 36.925) | 0.630 (0.045, 8.812) |
| Paternal bronchitis (ref: no) | 2.396 (0.002, 262.240) | 16.298 (4.925, 53.938) ** | 1.143 (0.236, 5.530) | 5.762 (1.961, 16.928) ** |
| Building type (ref: bungalow) | ||||
| Apartment | 0.242 (0.014, 4.050) | 0.752(0.303, 1.867) | 4.397 (0.879, 21.983) | 1.049 (0.384, 2.868) |
| Villa | 1.041 (0.014, 77.985) | 2.919 (0.639, 13.336) | 5.423 (0.758, 38.813) | 0.973 (0.172, 5.511) |
| Kitchen type (ref: enclosed) | 0.592 (0.041, 8.604) | 1.430 (0.715, 2.861) | 0.987 (0.360, 2.706) | 0.880 (0.410, 1.890) |
| Ventilation use when cooking (ref: no) | ||||
| Hood | 10.018 (0.911, 110.228) | 1.219 (0.316, 4.701) | 0.594 (0.124, 2.847) | 1.192 (0.264, 5.391) |
| Fan | 0.730 (0.398, 37.172) | 0.701 (0.116, 4.232) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.463 (0.054, 3.952) |
| Heating duration per year (month) | 3.362 (1.215, 9.298) * | 1.267 (1.002, 1.601) * | 0.908 (0.652, 1.263) | 1.201 (0.942, 1.531) |
| Household coal use (ref: yes) | 0.797 (0.052, 12.136) | 1.532 (0.549, 4.274) | 0.152 (0.042, 0.550) ** | 1.303 (0.444, 3.822) |
| Window opening time in spring (hours/day) | 0.701 (0.397, 1.237) | 0.898 (0.793, 1.016) | 0.987 (0.829, 1.175) | 1.041 (0.930, 1.166) |
| Window opening time in summer (hours/day) | 1.041 (0.832, 1.301) | 0.968 (0.906, 1.033) | 0.991 (0.899, 1.092) | 0.961 (0.897, 1.031) |
| Window opening time in autumn (hours/day) | 0.884 (0.607, 1.287) | 1.165 (1.041, 1.303) ** | 0.937 (0.766, 1.147) | 1.133 (1.005, 1.276) * |
| Window opening time in winter (hours/day) | 2.703 (0.965, 7.570) | 1.004 (0.851, 1.185) | 1.119 (0.898, 1.396) | 0.916 (0.776, 1.081) |
| Air conditioning use time in spring (hours/day) | 0.253 (0.074, 0.867) * | 0.844 (0.694, 1.026) | 0.962 (0.698, 1.324) | 0.915 (0.771, 1.086) |
| Air conditioning use time in summer (hours/day) | 0.946 (0.762, 1.175) | 0.972 (0.908, 1.041) | 0.930 (0.833,1.037) | 0.973 (0.911, 1.041) |
| Air conditioning use time in autumn (hours/day) | 1.762 (0.980, 3.168) | 1.102 (0.939, 1.295) | 0.806 (0.568, 1.143) | 1.150 (0.985, 1.344) |
| Air conditioning use time in winter (hours/day) | 0.934 (0.639, 1.363) | 1.002 (0.929, 1.080) | 1.012 (0.905, 1.132) | 0.965 (0.893, 1.042) |
| Decorate recently (ref: yes) | 1.835 (0.086, 39.095) | 0.978 (0.470, 2.035) | 0.825 (0.291, 2.338) | 0.690 (0.325, 1.464) |
| Have pets (ref: no) | 2.899 (0.181, 46.517) | 1.521 (0.761, 3.039) | 1.245 (0.437, 3.549) | 1.552 (0.739, 3.259) |
| Mold presence (ref: no) | ||||
| 1 month | 7.750 (0.316, 189.835) | 1.344 (0.590, 3.059) | 0.649 (0.178, 2.369) | 0.969 (0.396, 2.370) |
| 1–3 months | 13.655 (0.381, 489.578) | 0.554 (0.141, 2.177) | 1.825 (0.298, 11.167) | 1.652 (0.515, 5.301) |
| More than 3 months | 0.267 (0.000, 564.092) | 1.853 (0.259, 13.236) | 8.834 (1.081, 72.180) * | 0.113 (0.002, 7.731) |
| Use mosquito-repellent incense (ref: yes) | 5.609 (0.276, 114.057) | 0.783 (0.354, 1.733) | 0.662 (0.223, 1.970) | 0.865 (0.354, 2.114) |
| Use air fresheners (ref: yes) | 0.913 (0.099, 8.395) | 0.868 (0.428, 1.763) | 1.435 (0.547, 3.768) | 0.579 (0.270, 1.239) |
| Residential air pollution (ref: yes) | 0.195 (0.018, 2.110) | 0.439 (0.223, 0.864) * | 0.521 (0.201, 1.351) | 0.687 (0.329, 1.438) |
| Distance from home to road (ref: <0.5 km) | 1.321 (0.137, 12.699) | 0.988 (0.502, 1.944) | 2.348 (0.926, 5.956) | 1.040 (0.506, 2.138) |
| Closed to waste incineration plant, etc. (ref: yes) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.175) ** | 0.871 (0.267, 2.842) | 0.611 (0.128, 2.922) | 0.928 (0.269, 3.202) |
** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Bold numbers were indicated as statistically significant. 1 Adjusted for gender, age, height, premature birth, parental education level, parental occupation, father smoking, mother smoking, sleeping in own room, sleeping in own bed, household coal use, ventilation use when cooking, breast feeding, window opening and air conditioning use in different seasons, home renovation, presence of pets, presence of mold, mosquito coin use, air freshener use, air purifier use, kitchen type, parental bronchitis, intake of fruit, dairy, seafood and high-calorie food, doing physical exercise, ETS exposure and air exposure during commuting. 2 Children under 3 years old were excluded during the analyses. The association between humidity in different seasons and respiratory diseases is not shown in the table, since no valid data were obtained.