Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the drug release pathway implemented in the MAP intradermal PBPK model. ND (nanoparticle drug), RD (released drug), PD (penetrating drug) and D (systemic drug) represent the drug in nanoparticle form in the microneedle, the drug released from its nanoparticle form in the microneedle, the released drug penetrating the layer of the skin and the drug in the systemic circulation, respectively. SC, VE, DE, VEI and ART represent the stratum corneum, viable epidermis, dermis, veins and arteries, respectively.