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. 2023 Dec 16;16(12):1735. doi: 10.3390/ph16121735

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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PSA-NP can halt GA and restore vision. PSA-NP can multivalently bind Siglecs on polarized macrophages and microglia, transforming them into the M2c healing state. These M2c healing macrophages/microglia will polarize M1 inflammatory, M1 phagocytic, M2D angiogenic, and M2a, b fibrotic M2c neuroprotective and BDNF- and GDNF-secreting macrophages. This in turn will rescue photoreceptors and RPE cells and restore the homeostatic parainflammatory function of microglia, potentially halting GA progression, reducing lipofuscin and improving visual function and vision.