Table 1.
Characteristics of studies reporting data on HCP and hepatitis B, 2017–30 April 2023.
| Study [Ref] | Country/Study Period | Setting/Data Collection | No and Characteristics of HCP | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nayyar et al. [12] | India, 2008–2014 | pediatric tertiary care hospital/ blood testing, Questionnaire |
739 HCP (21.1% physicians, 37.4% nurses, 12.8% technical staff, 15.6% nursing orderlies, 11.6% housekeeping staff, 1.2% others) | HBsAg (+): 0.6% fully vaccinated: 79.5%vaccinated housekeepers: 6.9% |
| Mercan Baspınar M [14] | Turkey, 2020 | hospital/blood tests | 1722 HCP (mean age: 34 years, 48.6% males, 55% doctors and nurses) | HBsAg (+): 0.7% AntiHBs > 10: 87.5% AntiHbs < 10: 12.5% |
| Tavoschi et al. [29] | EU/EEA countries, 2005–2017 | 38 studies, 4 on HCP (3 in Poland, 1 in Romania) | HBsAg (+) HCP: 06–1.2% in Poland, 2.2% in Romania | |
| Hiva et al. [21] | Iran, 2017 | public hospitals/ blood tests, questionnaire |
776 HCP (mean age: 33.7 years, 75.72% females) | HBsAg (+):0.78% Anti-core (+): 4.64% Vaccinated: 100% NSSI: 42.4% past year |
| Al-Amad et al. [27] | United Arab Emirates, 2010–2017 | university dental hospital/blood tests | 88% of dental HCP were vaccinated | |
| Ijoma et al. [19] | Nigeria, 2016 | teaching hospital/ rapid tests, questionnaire |
3123 HCP (mean age: 39.4 years) | HBsAg (+): 2.3%HCP good knowledge of the disease |
| Hebo et al. [3] | Ethiopia, 2015–2016 | university hospital/ blood tests, questionnaire |
240 HCP (mean age: 25 years, 50.4% males) | HBsAg (+): 2.5% 60% had history of exposure Most HCP good knowledge of disease |
| Yizengaw et al. [26] | Ethiopia, 2017 | primary hospitals/ blood tests, questionnaire |
338 HCP (120 medical waste handlers, mean age: 28.3 years, 54.9% males) | HBsAg (+): 2.6% in HCP, 2.5% in medical waste handlers |
| Kisangau et al. [9] | Kenya, 2017 | hospitals, healthcare facilities/blood tests, questionnaire | 312 HCP (median age: 31 years, 66% females) | HBsAg (+): 4% Anti HBs > 10: 47% Fully vaccinated: 48% Received ≥ 1 dose: 80% |
| Lieb et al. [16] | Liberia, 2017–2018 | national medical center/blood tests | 245 HCP (mean age: 37.9 years, 27.7% males) | HBsAg (+): 4.89% |
| Elzouki et al [18] | Libya, 2020 | referral hospitals/ blood tests, questionnaire |
182 HCP (mean age: 32.9 years, 78.6% females) | HBsAg (+): 4.9% Fully vaccinated: 52%NSSI: 54.9% |
| Maamor et al. [30] | Africa and Asia, 1997–2021 | review of 25 studies, 19 from Africa and six from Asia | 10,043 physicians, dentists, nurses, laboratory workers, technicians, nurse assistants, cleaning operators, and housekeeping staff | Seroprevalence: 5% (higher in Africa) In 11 studies association of seroprevalence and level of awareness |
| Mangkara et al. [20] | Vietnam, 2018 | 186 private dental clinics/blood test, questionnaire | 206 dentists and 111 dental workers (age: 18–63 years) | HBsAg (+): 5% Immune due to vaccination: <15% Susceptible: 66.8% Low awareness, low knowledge about PEP |
| Yazie et al. [32] | Ethiopia, 2010–2019 | 6 articles on HCP | 1747 HCP | prevalence: 5% (95% CI: 5–8%) |
| Mabunda et al. [2] | Mozambique, 2020 | hospital/blood tests, questionnaire | 315 HCP (39.7% nurses) | HBsAg/HBV DNA (+): 5.1% Immune due to vaccination: 60% Susceptible:30% HCP exposed to needles, blood, or other fluids had 2.13 times higher prevalence |
| Shao et al. [24] | Tanzania, 2015–2016 | tertiary teaching hospital/blood tests, questionnaire | 442 HCP (median age: 37 years, 60% females, 78.5% tertiary education, 56,1% non-surgical department | HBsAg (+): 5.7% 11.3% knew their HBV status physicians (24%), nurses (20%), lab personnel (16%) no satisfactory knowledge on HBV |
| Wijayadi et al. [4] | Indonesia, 2015–2016 | blood tests, questionnaire | 467 HCP (80.94% females) | HBsAg (+): 6.2% Anti-core (+):19.2% Anti HBs (+):26.1% No markers: 66.17% NSSI was the highest risk factor for infection |
| Atlaw et al. [31] | Africa, 1989–2020 | 44 studies | 17,510 HCP | Prevalence: 6.81% (Western Africa: 11.67%, Northern Africa: 3.5%) |
| Massaquoi et al. [25] | Sierra Leone, 2017 | tertiary teaching hospital, military general hospital/blood tests, questionnaire | 447 HCP (90.6% nurses, 72.3% females) | HBsAg (+): 8.7% No significant difference by sex, age, work site or profession |
| Bilounga Ndongo C et al. [10] | Cameroon, 2016 | 16 hospitals/blood tests, questionnaire | 1836 HCP (mean age: 34 years, 65.3% females) | HBsAg (+): 8.7% 11.4% at least 3 doses of HBV vaccine Patients’ transporters highest prevalence (14.3%), physicians the lowest (3.2%) |
| Nguyen et al. [15] | Vietnam, 2021 | 3 hospitals/blood tests, questionnaire | 203 HCP (39 physicians, 140 nurses/midwives, 24 technicians/nurse assistants; mean age: 34.49 years | HBsAg (+): 9.85% Anti-core (+): 27.14% AntiHBs > 10: 74.87% Only 50% of infected HCP used gloves |
| Qin et al. [11] | Sierra Leone, 2017 | 34 military hospitals/blood tests, questionnaire | 211 HCP (median age: 39 years, 51.2% males) | HBsAg (+): 10% Susceptible:81.5% Vaccinated:4.3% Immune due to past infection: 4.3% |
| Akazong et al. [17] | Cameroon, 2017 | 22 healthcare facilities/blood tests, questionnaire | 395 HCP (68.4% females) | HBsAg (+): 10.6% Vaccinated: 9.1% Susceptible: 43.5% |
| El Bara et al. [8] | Mauritania, 2014–2016 | 13 districts/ blood tests |
3857 HCP (medical and paramedical staff) | HBsAg (+): 10.8% Anti-core (+): 64.6%Anti-HBs: 32.3% |
| Machange et al. [13] | Tanzania, 2014 | medical center/blood tests, questionnaire | 76 HCP (range: 20–56 years, 52.6% males) | HBsAg (+): 11.8%Vaccinated: 10.5%Low knowledge of risks for HBV infection |
| Ganczak et al. [23] | Poland, 2016–2018 | 10 hospitals/blood tests, questionnaire | 306 HCP (mean age: 47.7 years, 69.9% nurses, 88.6% females) | Anti-core (+): 12.1% 10.5% of vaccinated were anti-core (+) Vaccinated: 94.2%, 76.1% no post vaccine serology |
| Domínguez et al. [28] | Spain, 2008–2010 | primary healthcare, hospital/blood tests, questionnaire | 644 HCP (median age: 42 years, 23.4% males, 46.4% primary care, 53.6% hospital HCP) | Anti-core (+): 4.1% Anti HBs (+): 64.4%prevalence of anti-core increased with age |
CI: confidence interval; EU/EEA: European Union/European Economic Area; HCP: healthcare personnel; No: number; NSSI: needle stick and sharps injury; PEP: post-exposure prophylaxis; Ref: reference.