Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Dec 13;15(12):2766. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122766

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Neurotransmitters involved in inflammatory pain sensation as all the major types of neurotransmitters (inflammatory mediators and non-inflammatory mediators), second messenger production, and others. Abbreviations: 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT2A: 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2A receptor; 5-HT3: 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor; A1: adenosine type 1 receptor; A2: adenosine type 2 receptor; AC: adenylyl cyclase; AMPA-R: amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; ASIC: acid-sensing ion channels; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; B1: bradykinin receptor type B1; B2: bradykinin receptor type B2; BK: bradykinin; CALCRL: calcitonin receptor-like receptor; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CB1: cannabinoid type 1 receptors; CB2: cannabinoid type 2 receptors; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide; Cl⁻: chloride ion; DAG: diacylglycerol; DH: dorsal horn; DOR: δ-opioid receptors; EP: prostaglandin E2 receptor; EP1: prostaglandin E2 receptor type 1; EP2: prostaglandin E2 receptor type 2; EP3: prostaglandin E2 receptor type 3; EP4: prostaglandin E2 receptor type 4; EPSP: excitatory post-synaptic potentials; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GABAA: γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor; GABAB: γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor; GlyR: glycine receptor; H1: histamine; IP: prostacyclin receptor; IP3: inositol triphosphate; K⁺: potassium ion; KOR: κ-opioid receptors; LTB4: leukotriene B4; LTB4-R1: leukotriene B4 type 1 receptor; LTB4-R2: leukotriene B4 type 2 receptor; Mg²⁺: magnesium ion; MOR: µ-opioid receptors; Na⁺: sodium ion; Nav: voltage-activated Na⁺ channels; NE: norepinephrine; NGF: nerve growth factor; NK1: neurokinin type 1 receptor; NK2: neurokinin type 2 receptor; NK3: neurokinin type 3 receptor; NKA: neurokinin A; NKB: neurokinin B; NMDA-R: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors; NO: nitric oxide; P2X3: purino receptor; PAG: periaqueductal gray; PG: prostaglandins; PGE1: prostaglandin E1; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; PGI2: prostacyclin; PI3: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKA: protein kinase A; PKC: protein kinase C; PLC: phospholipase C; sGC: soluble guanylyl cyclase; SP: substance P; THC: tetrahydrocannabinol; VR1: vanilloid receptor for capsaicin; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell; α1: alpha 1-adrenoreceptor; α2: alpha 2-adrenoreceptor; β: beta-adrenoreceptor.