Table 4.
Chemical composition of Pelargonium plant species (as presented by original works published in the period under review).
| Specie | Part of Plant | Identified Compounds | Method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P. asperum | EO | Citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, 6,9-guaiadiene, isomenthone, linalool, geranyl formate, cis rose-oxide, α-pinene, trans rose-oxide, citronellyl butyrate, geranyl butyrate, geranyl tiglate, phenylethyl tiglate, menthone, isomenthol | GC | [53] |
| P. capitatum | Leaves | α-pinene, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, citronellol, germacrene D, citronellyl formate, guaia-6,9-diene, δ-cadinene, β-caryophyllene epoxyde | GC-MS | [54] |
| P. capitatum × P. radens | Stem cutting | Linalool, citronellol, citronellyl formate, iso-menthone, geraniol, geranyl formate, guaiadiene (6,9) | GC | [13] |
| P. cv. Rosé | AP | α-pinene, linalool, isomenthone, α-terpineol, citronellol, trans-geraniol, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, β-caryophyllene, isoledene, muurolene, guaia-6,9-diene, oleic acid,3-propyl ester, phnylethyltiglate, eudesmol, cubenol, α-cadinol, emulphor, geranyl tiglate | GC-MS | [55] |
| P. endlicherianum | EO | α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, β-phellandrene, 2-pentyl furan, p-simen, nonanal, dimethyl tetradecane, α,p-dimetlystyrene, 2-nonly acetate, bicycloelemen, α-copaene, α-kamfolen aldehyde, pentadecane, decanal, α-burbonen, β-burbonen,trans-α-bergamoten, β-yilangen, β-elemen, β-copaene, β-caryophyllen, undecanal, 6,9-guayadien, aromadendrene, mirtenal, γ-elemen, (e)-2-decenal, γ-gurjunen, (z)-β-farnesene, heptadecane, germacrene d, (e)-2-undecanal, δ-cadenine, γ-cadenine, ar-kurkumen, tridecanal, (e)-geranyl acetone, phenyl ethyl isobutyrate, nonadecane, α-calacorene, 1,5-epoxy-salvial(4)14-en, 2-phenylethyl-2-methylbutyrate, 2-phenylethyl-3-methylbutyrate, caryophyllen oxide, pentadecanal, germacrene D-4β-ol, β-caryophyllenx alcohol, heneicosane, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, spatulenol, 1-tetradecanol, nor-kopaonon, methylhexadecanoate, α-cadinol, cadalene, guaya-6,10(14)-dien-4β-ol, celine-11-en-4α-ol, tricosenes, farnesil acetone, pentacosenes, dodecanoic acid, phytol, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, nonacosan, hexadecanoic acid | GC-MS, GC-FID |
[56] |
| P. ‘Endsleigh’ | Flowers | Tartaric acid, malic acid, monogalloylhexose, methylated protocatechuic acid hexose, flavanone hexoside, methyl syringate 4-o-β-d-gentiobiose (leptosperin), myricetin 3-o-glucoside, kaempferol 3-o-di-p-coumaroylhexoside, myricetin-3-o-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-o-rhamnoside is. II, proanthocyanidin, quercetin 3-o-pentoside, kaempferol 3-o-galactoside, kaempferol 3-o-glucoside, kaempferol 3-o-pentoside | HPLC/MS | [57] |
| P. graveolens | AP | α-pinene, camphene, citronellol, citronellal, citronellic acid, geraniol, geranial, linalool, cis-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxid, 6,9-guaiadiene, 3-carene, δ-carene, limonene, cis-ocimene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene, cis-sabinene, α-thujone, trans-rose oxide, cis-rose oxide, cis-limonene oxide, camphor, iso-menthone, p-menthone, p-menthene, menthol, isomenthol, isoborneol, naphthalene, cryptone, z-citral, linalyl acetate, isogeraniol, trans-anethole, azulene, geranyl-n-butyrate, geranyl formate, geranyl acetate, geranyl propanoate, geranyl hexanoate, geranyl octanoate, geranyl tiglate, citronellyl hexanoate, citronellyl acetate, citronellyl heptanoate, citronellyl-n-butyrate, citronellyl propanoate, citronellyl propionate, citronellyl formate, iso-menthyl acetate, α-cubebene, β-cubebene, isoledene, α-copaene, β-copaene, isolongifolene, junipene, α-bourbonene, β-bourbonene, trans-caryophyllene, calarene, aromadendrene, dehydroaromadendrene, α-guaiene, germacrene-d, α-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, seychellene, α-humulene, Ω-cadinene, δ-cadinene, ledene, valencene, δ-himachalene, eremophilene, β-bisabolene, elemol, α-calacorene, trans-longipinocarveol, cubenol, ledene oxide, humulene oxide, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, myrcene, α-phelleandrene, ρ-cymene, terpinen-4-ol, neoisomenthol, α-terpineol, α-cubabene, nerol, neral, piperitone, α-agarofuran, gerany valerate, γ-muurolene, α-copene, α-ylangene, terpinolene, iso-isopulegol, phenylethyl tiglate, phenylethyl propanoate, alloarmadendrene, 1,8-cineol, α-cadinol, hinesol, cis-3-hexenol, cis-calamenene, trans-a-bergamotene, α-guaiene, γ-terpinene β-elemene, 1-phenylethyl isobutanoate, caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5-ol, nonacosane, viridiflorol, α-gurjunene | GC-MS | [58,59,60,61,62,63] |
| GC-MS, LC-MS, (HPLC-MS/MS) |
[64] | |||
| HPLC | [65] | |||
| EO | Geraniol, citronellol, p-menthan-3-ol, nerol, citronellyl propionate, linalool, α-pinene, caryophyllene, menthone, rose oxide | GC | [36] | |
| α-pinene, myrcene, p-cymene, linalool, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, isomenthol, α-terpineol, citronellol, neral, geraniol, geranial, citronellyl formate, citronellyl acetate, citronellyl propionate, geranyl formate, geranyl acitate, geranyl propionate, geranyl triglate, β-bourbonene, (e)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, germacrene d, 2-phenyl ethyl tiglate, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, geranyltiglate, 6,9-guaiadiene | GC-FID | [23,45] | ||
| Citronellol, linalool, linalool oxide, menthone, isomenthone, geraniol, geraniol formate, geranial, citronellyl acetate, citronellyl formate, citronellyl propionate, citronellyl propanoate, citronellyl tiglate, citronellyl butyrate, citronellyl butanoate, cadinene, α-terpineol, trans-rose oxide, cis-rose oxide, p-cymene, geranyl propanoate, geranyl acetate, geranyl formate, geranyl tiglate, geranyl butanoate, geranyl n-butyrate, nerol, neral, neryl formate, neryl acetate, α-pinene, β-pinene, geranic acid, (e)-cinnamaldehyde, terpinolene, α-terpinene, limonene, eugenol, borneol, coumarin, 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, α-ylangene, α-copaene, cinnamyl acetate, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, 6,9-guaiadiene, α-salinene, phenylethanol, caryophellene, α-agarofuran, phenylethyl tiglate, decanoic acid, iso-decanoic, β-bourbonene, α-gumulene,germacrene d, α-bisabolol, β-phellandrene, cis-β-ocimene, i-menthol, β-cubebene, z-citral, trans-caryophyllene, isoledene, 2-amylfuran, alloaromadendrene, bornylene, β-phenylethyl formate, calamenene, camphene, humulene, myrcene, phenylethyl alcohol, sulcatone, tetrahydro geraniol, phenylacetaldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, trans-ocimene, neoisopulegol, citronellal, trans-menthan-3-one, neoisomenthol, rhodinol, α-cubebene, β-elemene, longifolene, β-caryophellene, β-copaene, spirolepechinene, trans-muurola-3,5-diene, trans-prenyl limonene, aromadendrene, γ-muurolene, amorphene, germacerene d, β-selinene, viridiflorene, α-muurolene, trans-β-guaiene, 11-norbourbonan-1-one, β-phenylethyl tiglate, geranyl 2-methyl butanoate, β-atlantol, 10-di-epi-cubenol, amorph-4-en-7-ol | GC-MS | [47,49,51,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77] | ||
| Citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, isomenthone, linalool, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, menthone, geranyl formate, β-bourbonene, menthone, cis-rose oxide, β-caryophyllene, geranyl tiglate, geranyl butrate, germacrene D, phenylethyle tiglate, geranyl propionate, citronellyl propionate, geranial, α-copaene, neoisomenthol, α-pinen, α-thuyene, α-terpinol, γ-selilene, trans-rose oxide, citronellyl butrate, geranyl acetate, γ-cadinene, calemenene, 6,9-guaiadiene, geranial, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, 2-phenyl ethyl tiglate | GC-MS GC-FID |
[6,30,78] | ||
| Citronellol (14.8–17.4%), trans-geraniol (2.10–2.60%), isomenthone (1.30–1.60%), linalool (0.60–0.96%), geranyl acetate (1.00%), γ-cadiene (0.04–0.05%), geranyl butyrate (0.70%), geranyl tiglate (0.07–1.00%), gemacrene D (0.07–0.08%), caryophyllene oxide (1.7–1.8%), geraniol (9.2–11.4%) | GC-MS HPLC |
[48] | ||
| α-pinene, 2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyltetrahydropyran, limonene, cis-linalool oxide (furanoid), trans-linalool oxide, linalool, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, menthone, isomenthone, menthol, α-terpineol, citronellol, neral, geraniol, geranial, citronellyl formate, neryl formate, geranyl formate, α-cubebene, citronellyl acetate, α-copaene, β-bourbonene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene, α-guaiene,6,9-guaiadiene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, allo-aromadendrene, cis-muurola-4(14),5-diene,γ-muurolene, geranyl propionate, γ-gurjunene, β-selinene, α-muurolene, γ-cadinene, geranyl isobutanoate, δ-cadinene, citronellyl butanoate, furopelargone A, geranyl butanoate, neryl isovalerate, caryophyllene oxide, 5,5,9,10-tetramethyltricyclo [7.3.0.0(1,6)]dodecan-11-one, 2-phenyl ethyl tiglate, geranyl isovalerate, humulene epoxide II, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, 1-epi-cubenol, cubenol, α-cadinol, cis-citronellyl tiglate, geranyl tiglate | GC-MS, HPLC-UV/Vis |
[79] | ||
| Flowers | Citronellol (24.3%), geraniol (21.81%), citronellyl formate (9.94%), linalool (6.67%), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (5.13%) and p-menthan-3-one (5.03%) | GC-FID GC-MS |
[80] | |
| α-pinene, β-myrcene, β-phellandrene, β-ocimene, linalool, linalool oxide, limonene, trans-rose oxide, citronellol, citronellal, l-menthone, l-menthol, β-citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, geranyl propionate, geranyl butyrate, geranyl tiglate, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, copaene, nerol, lavandulyl acetate, β-bourbonene, β-cubebene, caryophyllene, trans-caryophyllene, citronellyl propionate, valencene, isoledene, α-humulene, neoalloocimene, aromadendrene, germacrene-d, β-cuvebene, ledene, α-muurolene, eremophilene, α-amorphene, δ-cadinene, epizonaren, α-agarofuran, phenylethyl tiglate, geraniol butyrate, geraniol formate, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, mintsulfide, α-terpineol, α-gurjunene, bicyclogermacrene, cadina-1,4-diene, δ-selinene, geranyl isobutyrate, viridiflorol, γ-selinene, β-eudesmol, t-cadinol | GC-MS | [81,82,83] | ||
| Total phenolic content (tannic acid—7.7%), flavones (rutin—0.4%) | HPLC | [65] | ||
| Geranium absolute oil | Limonene (0.13%), cis-oxide rose (0.96%), trans-oxide rose (0.31%), menthone (0.88%), iso menthone (5.35%), linalool (10%), guaiadiene (0.2%), citronellyl formate (1.19%), geranyl formate (2.19%), citronellol (31.85%), geraniol (22.47%), geranyl butyrate (0.49%), epi-γ-eudesmol (3.24%) | GC-MS | [84] | |
| Geranium oil | Limonene (0.27%), linalool (4.1%), delta-selinene (9.28%), citronellol (29.76%), geraniol (12.53%), citronellyl formate (7.1%), geranyl formate (2.7%), epi-γ-eudesmol (6.25%), rose oxide trans (1.27%), menthone (5.28%), β-bourbonene (1.87%), δ-cadinene (2%), geranyl tiglate (1.46%), phenylethyl tiglate (1.16%) | |||
| Geranium stripping oil | Pentanal (7.6%), linalool (1.34%), decadienal (5.08%), citronellol (18.33%), geraniol (11.08%), geraniol formate (2.47%), 2,6-octadiene (1.42%), butanoic acid (1.31%), naphthalenemethanol (9.25%), longifolene (1.36%), 1h-cyclopropa(a) naphthalene (2.39%), geranyl tiglate (2.36%), cyclohexanone (3.15%), phenylethyl tiglate (2.39%) | |||
| Leaves | Citronellol, geraniol, linalool, rose-oxide, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, geraniol, geranyl formate, geranyl tiglate, citronellyl formate, isomenthone | GC | [59] | |
| α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, limonene, (z)-β-ocimene, (e)-β-ocimene, p-cymene, cis-3-hexenol, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, cis-linalool oxide (furanoid), menthone, trans-linalool oxide (furanoid), isomenthone, linalool, β-bourbonene, citronellyl formate, β-caryophyllene, citronellyl acetate, nerodinol, neryl formate, α-humulene, geranyl formate, citronellyl propionate, α-terpineol, germacrene-d, citronellol, geranial, geranyl acetate, piperitone, nerol, citronellyl butyrate, geraniol, geranyl-n-propionate, guaia-6,9-diene, geranyl-n-butyrate, geranyl tiglate, citronellyl tiglate, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, 2-phenylethyl tiglate, tricyclene, β-copaene, t-elemene, t-cadiene | GC-FID | [85,86,87,88,89] | ||
| α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, β-ocimene, linalool, trans-rose oxide, cis-rose oxide, l-menthone, 3-p-menthanol, α-terpineol, β-citronellol, citral, citronellyl formate, citronellyl acetate, citronellyl propionate, citronellyl ester, citronellyl tiglate, citronellyl butyrate, citronellyl valerate, nerol, geraniol, geranial, geraniol formate, geranyl formate, geranyl acetate, geranyl formate, geranyl tiglate, geranyl propionate, geranyl hexanoate, geranyl butyrate, lavandulyl acetate, β-bourbonene, α-cubebene, β-cubebene, trans-caryophyllene, azulene, isoledene, α-humulene, aromadendrene, germacrene-d, ledene, α-muurolene, elemol, α-amorphene, δ-cadinene, γ-cadinene, epizonaren, α-agarofuran, neryl acetate, 2-phenylethyl tiglate, β-selinene, δ-selinene, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, agarospirol, propanoate, mintsulfide, copaene, isomenthone, isopulegol, e,e-α-farnesene, cis-verbenol, cis-calamenene, α-agarofurane, linalyl acetate, spatulenol, ο-cymene, β-patchoulene, α-asarone, guaia-6,9-diene, propanoic acid, α-gurjunene, δ.3-carene, menthomenthol, 6-octen-1-ol, 2,6-octadien-1-ol, propionic acid, butyric acid, acide-2-butenoic, ledol, cadina-1,4-diene, valencene, α-cadinol, τ-cadinol, cis-ocismene, 3-methylpentane, neohexane, (e)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl dodecanoate, α-iso-pentane, isohexane, trichloromethane, cyclopentane, 1-epi-cubenol, cubenol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, limonene, citronellal, methyl geranate, 2-phenylethyl isobutyrate, β-elemene, alloaromadendrene, β-selinene, bicyclogermacrene, zonarene, spathulenol, viridiflorol, 2-naphthalenemethanol, cyclohexanone, 2-pentanone, 1,3,6-octatriene, p-menthan-3-ol | GC-MS | [24,36,81,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99] | ||
| Citronellol, geraniol, geranial, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, citronellyl formate, linalool, nerol, neral, isomenthone, isomenthol, α-terpineol, β-citral, cyclofenchene, m-mentha-6.8-diene, cis-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide, geranyl butyrate, geranyl formate, geranyl tiglate, geranyl butanoate, τ-muurolol, (Z)-rose oxide, β-borbonene, caryophyllene, 6,9-guaiadiene, α−humulene, γ-muurolene, bicyclogermacrene, δ-amorphene, inalool isovalerate, 2-phenylethyl tiglate, limonene, menthone, aristolene, neryl propanoate, germacrene-D, α-calacorene, torreyol | GC-MS GC-FID |
[80,100,101,102] | ||
| Total phenolic content (tannic acid—22%), phenol carboxylic acids (chlorogenic acid—3.6%), anthocyanins (cyanine chloride—1%) | HPLC | [65] | ||
| Leaves and stems | Geraniol, β-citronellol, citronellyl formate, isomenthone, linalool, germacrene and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol | GC-MS | [103,104] | |
| Root | Iso-menthone, linalool, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, citronellol and geraniol | GC | [105] | |
| Linalool, cis + trans rose oxide, isomenthone, citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, geranyl tiglate, 6,9-guadiene, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol | GC-FID | [106,107] | ||
| Sprouts and leaves | Oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, linalool | GC-MS GC-FID |
[6] | |
| Stems | β-myrcene, β-ocimene, linalool, trans-rose oxide, cis-rose oxide citronellal, l-menthone, β-citronellol, geraniol, citral, citronellyl formate, citronellyl tiglate, geranyl formate, α-copaene, β-bourbonene, β-cubebene, caryophyllene, citronellyl propionate, valencene, isoledene, α-humulene, aromadendrene, geranyl acetate, germacrene-D, viridiflorene, α-amorphene, δ-cadinene, geranyl isobutyrate, α-agarofuran, geranyl propionate, geranyl isovalerate, δ-selinene, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, geranyl butanoate, geranyl tiglate, isomenthone, mintsulfide, cetylic acid, camphor, trans-verbenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, β-gurjunene, β-ylangene, alloaromadendrene, ledene, cis-β-guaiene, α-bisabolene, epi-cubebol, 2-phenylethyl tiglate, isoaromadendrene epoxide, cis-phytol, α-pinene, guaia-6,9-diene, trans-calamenene | GC-MS | [46,50,81] | |
| Ethanol, limonene, linalool, phenyl ethanol, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, citronellol + nerol, geraniol, eugenol, methyl eugenol, heptadecane, farnesol, nonadecene, nonadecane, eicosane, heneicosane, tricosane, pentacosane, heptacosane | GS-FID | [108] | ||
| AP | Citronellol (24.75%), geraniol (13.99%), γ-eudesmol (11.23%), citronellyl formate (8.37%) and iso-menthone (6.82%) | GC-MS | [64] | |
| The whole herb | Linalool, isomenthone, β-citronellol, geraniol, geranial, (r)-(+)-citronellic acid, (-)-aristolene, geranyl-n-propanoate, β-cubebene, υ-moorolene, geranyl isobutyrate, phenyl ethyl tiglate, υ-eudesmol, τ-cadinol, geranyl tiglate, 2,6-octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-acetate, neral, citronellyl formate, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, geranyl formate, 1,8-cineole, limonene | [109,110] | ||
| P. hispidum | Dried leaves | Menthone, isomenthone, p-cimene, α-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, phellandrene, carene, terpinene and limonene | GC-MS GC-FID |
[111] |
| P. hortum | Fresh leaves | α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene,p-cymene, limonene, ɣ-terpinene, α-terpineol, camphor, α-fenchyl acetate, thymol, bornyl acetate, trans-β-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, δ-cadinene, and 5 more unknown components | GC-MS | [112] |
| P. odoratissimum | AP | 4-methyl-pentanol, (3E)-hexenol, α-pinene, myrcene, p-cymene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, cis-linalool oxide, linalool, cis-thujone, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, camphor, neo-isopulegol, menthone, citronellal, iso-menthone, iso-menthol, α-terpineol, citronellol, neral, piperitone, cis-myrtanol, geraniol, geranial, citronellyl formate, thymol, geranyl formate, α-cubebene, citronellyl acetate, α-copaene, β-bourbonene, phenyl ethyl isobutanoate, (E)-caryophyllene, α-guaiene, 6,9-guaiadiene, cis-muurola-3,5-diene, citronellyl propanoate, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene, germacrene-D, geranyl propanoate, ar-curcumene, phenyl ethyl 3-methyl butanoate, viridiflorene, α-muurolene, geranyl isobutanoate, δ-cadinene, trans-cadina-1,4-diene, citronellyl butanoate, furopelargone A, geranyl butanoate, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, 2-phenyl ethyl tiglate, geranyl isovalerate, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, 1-epi-cubenol, epi-α-cadinol, β-eudesmol, α-eudesmol, α-cadinol, (E)-citronellyl tiglate, (E)-citronellyl tiglate | GC-MS | [113] |
| EO | Linalool, citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, β-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, geranyl butyrate, geranyl tiglate, isomenthone, menthone, trans-rose oxide, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol | [9,77,114] | ||
| Young leaves | α-pinene, benzaldehyde, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, ρ-cymene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, (z)-β-ocimene, (e)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, fenchone, linalool, undecane, camphor, isomenthone, borneol, α-terpineol, dodecane, carveol, fenchyl acetate, pipritone, tridecane, α-cubebene, α-copaene, β-cubebene, tetradecane, methyl eugenol, β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, β-selinene, farnesene, γ-cadinene, germacrene b, caryophyllene oxide, citronyllyl tiglate, octadecane, nonadecane, eicosane | [115] | ||
| P. radens | Leaves | Tricyclene, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene, p-cymene + β-phellandrene, limonene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene, linalool, menthone, isomenthone, α-terpineol, citronellol, piperitone, β-copaene, β-bourbonene, guaiadiene-6,9, germacrene D, t-cadiene, nerodinol | GC-FID | [87] |
| Dried leaves | Menthone, isomenthone, p-cimene, α-pinene, rose oxides, sesquiterpenes (guajene, patchoulene, ylangene, cariophyllene oxide) | GC-MS GC-FID |
[111] | |
| P. radula | RM | Phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, derivatives (gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester), coumarins, coumarin glycosides/sulfates, flavan-3-ols/proanthocyanidins, miscellaneous | GC-MS | [18] |
| AP | Phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, derivatives (gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester, gallic acid ethyl ester, shikimic acid 3-o-gallate, protocatechuic acid, glucogallin), coumarins (scopoletin, umckalin,6,8-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, fraxetin, fraxetin-7-β-d-glucoside, magnolioside, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin-8-sulfate), flavonoids (quercetin, dihydrokaempferol 3-o-β-d-glucoside, taxifolin-3-o-β-d-glucoside, luteolin 7-o-β-d-glucoside, vitexin, orientin, isovitexin, isoorientin, epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate), miscellaneous | |||
| P. reniforme | RM | Phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids and derivates (gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-coumaraldehyde), coumarins, flavonoids (kaempferol-3-o-β-d-glucoside, kaempferol-3-o-β-d-galactoside, quercetin-3-o-β-d-glucoside, myricetin-3-o-β-d-glucoside), flavan-3-ols/proanthocyanidins, miscellaneous | ||
| AP | Phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids and derivates (gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester, gallic acid ethyl ester, allic acid butyl ester, shikimic acid 3-o-gallate, shikimic acid 3,5-di-o-gallate, p-hydroxyphenylethanol, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, p-coumaric acid, p-coumaroyl-4-o-β-d-glucoside, glycerol-1-gallate, glucogallin, (α,β)-3,4-di-o-galloylglucopyranoside, salidroside-6-o-gallate), coumarins (scopoletin), flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin) | |||
| P. roseum | AP | α-pinene, linalool, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, l-menthone, citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, β-bourbonene, cis-calamenene | [116,117] | |
| EO | Citronellol (44.62%), citronellyl formate (14.42%), geraniol (10.73%), linalool (5.39%), menthone (3.04%), isomenthone (0.89%) and limonene (0.35%) | [77] | ||
| Fresh leaves | α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, p-cymene, D-limonene, β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, linalool oxide, linalool, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, β-terpineol, menthone, iso-menthone, menthol, terpinene 4-ol, α-terpineol, β-citronellol, geraniol, α-cubabene, citronellyl acetate, β-bourbonene, β-elemene, α-gurjunene, β-caryophyllene, α-guaiene, β-farnesene, γ-gurjunene, germacrene-D, δ-selinene, valencene, bicyclogermacrene, epizonarene, α-muurolene, α-farnesene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, α-agarofuran, β-eudesmol, cadalene, geranyl tiglate | [118] | ||
| P. sidoides | Leaf petioles | Phenolic acid compounds (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and salicylic acid) | UPLC-MS/MS | [119] |
| P. x hybridum cv. ‘Rosat Bourbon’ | EO | cis-3-hexanol, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, para-cymene, β-phellandrene, limonene, terpinolene, menthone, isomenthone, menthol, α-terpineol, bois de rose oxide, myrcene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene, linalool oxide I, linalool oxide II, linalool, rose oxide cis, rose oxide trans, citronellol, piperitone, geraniol, geranial, citronellyl formate, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, citronellyl propionate, geranyl propionate, geranyl isobutyrate, citronellyl butyrate, geranyl butyrate, geranyl valerate, citronellyl caproate, citronellyl tiglate, geranyl tiglate, geranyl caproate, α-cubebene, α-copaene, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, guaia-1(5),11-diene, 6,9-guaiadiene, aromadendrene, α-caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, β-cubebene, germacrene D, β-selinene, viridiflorene, γ-cadinene, calamenene, δ-cadinene, furopelargone, β-caryophyllene oxide, phenethyl propionate, β-phenethyl isobutyrate, phenethyl tiglate | GC-MS | [43] |
| P. x hybridum cv. ‘Rosat China’ | cis-3-hexanol, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, para-cymene, β-phellandrene, limonene, terpinolene, menthone, isomenthone, menthol, α-terpineol, bois de rose oxide, myrcene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene, linalool oxide I, linalool oxide II, linalool, rose oxide cis, rose oxide trans, citronellol, piperitone, geraniol, geranial, citronellyl formate, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, citronellyl propionate, geranyl propionate, geranyl isobutyrate, citronellyl butyrate, geranyl butyrate, geranyl valerate, citronellyl caproate, citronellyl tiglate, geranyl tiglate, geranyl caproate, α-cubebene, α-copaene, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, guaia-1(5),11-diene, 6,9-guaiadiene, aromadendrene, α-caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, β-cubebene, germacrene d, β-selinene, viridiflorene, γ-cadinene, calamenene, δ-cadinene, furopelargone, β-caryophyllene oxide, epi-γ-eudesmol, phenethyl propionate, β-phenethyl isobutyrate, phenethyl tiglate | |||
| P. x hybridum cv. ‘Rosat Egypt’ | cis-3-hexanol, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, para-cymene, limonene, terpinolene, menthone, isomenthone, menthol, α-terpineol, bois de rose oxide, myrcene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene, linalool oxide I, linalool oxide II, linalool, rose oxide cis, rose oxide trans, citronellol, piperitone, geraniol, geranial, citronellyl formate, citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate, citronellyl propionate, geranyl propionate, geranyl isobutyrate, citronellyl butyrate, geranyl butyrate, geranyl valerate, citronellyl caproate, citronellyl tiglate, geranyl tiglate, geranyl caproate, α-cubebene, α-copaene, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, guaia-1(5),11-diene, 6,9-guaiadiene, aromadendrene, α-caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, β-cubebene, germacrene d, β-selinene, viridiflorene, γ-cadinene, calamenene, δ-cadinene, β-caryophyllene oxide, epi-γ-eudesmol, γ-eudesmol, phenethyl propionate, β-phenethyl isobutyrate, phenethyl tiglate | |||
| P. graveolens | α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, cymol, cineol, terpinen, linalool, camphor, borneol, citronellol, geraniol, neral, geranial | GC-FID | [120] |
where: AP—aerial parts; EO—essential oil; GC-FID—gas chromatography–flame ionization detector; GC-MS—gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC-MS—high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS/MS—liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry; HPLC-UV/VIS—high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV/VIS detector; LC-MS—liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; RM—root material.