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. 2023 Dec 10;12(24):4123. doi: 10.3390/plants12244123

Table 5.

Antioxidant properties of different extracts obtained from Pelargonium plant species.

Species Plant Part Responsible Compounds Extraction Method Antioxidant Assay Antioxidant Potential References
P. betulinum aerial parts flavonoids, tannins acetone extraction DPPH IC50 = 4.13 μg/mL [128]
P. citronellum IC50 = 23.70 μg/mL
IC50 = 84.01 μg/mL
P. cordifolium IC50 = 5.01 μg/mL
P. crispum IC50 = 4.49 μg/mL
P. cucullatum IC50 = 40.18 μg/mL
IC50 = 10.91 μg/mL
P. graveolens leaves phenolic compounds methanol extraction Phenol and flavonoids content assay, Enzyme activity assay (CAT, APX, GPX, SOD activities), MDA and H2O2 assays The EO and total phenol and flavonoids contents increased significantly by 12.4% and 16%, respectively, when P. graveolens was underwater deficit 75% FC. The AMF inoculation treatment improved the plant enzymatic defence. Also, AMF inoculation treatment showed a lower MDA and H2O2 accumulation in plant tissue. [129]
methanol extraction
ethanol extraction
aqueous extraction		 DPPH IC50 = 12.24 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 14.6 μg/mL (ethanol extraction)
IC50 = 39.45 μg/mL (aqueous extraction)		 [80]
ABTS IC50 = 241.83 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 235.86 μg/mL (ethanol extraction)
IC50 = 140.57 μg/mL (aqueous extraction)
heat reflux extraction ABTS
DPPH
FRAP
CUPRAC		 TEAC ABTS = 223.76 μM TE/g FW
TEAC DPPH = 121.26 μM TE/g FW
TEAC FRAP = 231.64 μM TE/g FW
TEAC CUPRAC = 176.98 μM TE/g FW		 [130]
methanol extraction
aqueous extraction		 DPPH IC50 = 20.71 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 16.59 μg/mL (aqueous extraction)		 [64]
ABTS 0.86 mM of Trolox (methanol extraction)
0.93 mM of Trolox (aqueous extraction)
flowers phenolic compounds methanol extraction
ethanol extraction
aqueous extraction		 DPPH IC50 = 16.03 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 19.31 μg/mL (ethanol extraction)
IC50 = 44.24 μg/mL (aqueous extraction)		 [80]
ABTS IC50 = 233.74 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 227.73 μg/mL (ethanol extraction)
IC50 = 131.54 μg/mL (aqueous extraction)
methanol extraction
aqueous extraction		 DPPH IC50 = 10.3 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 12.85 μg/mL (aqueous extraction)		 [64]
ABTS 1.13 mM of Trolox (methanol extraction)
0.98 mM of Trolox (aqueous extraction)
aerial parts phenolic compounds methanol extraction
dichloromethane extraction
hexane extraction		 DPPH IC50 = 12.96 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 116.91 μg/mL (dichloromethane extraction)
IC50 = 37.6 μg/mL (hexane extraction)		 [131]
ABTS IC50 = 10.2 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 10.46 μg/mL (dichloromethane extraction)
IC50 = 44.46 μg/mL (hexane extraction)
CUPRAC IC50 = 20.29 μg/mL (methanol extraction)
IC50 = 53.36 μg/mL (dichloromethane extraction)
IC50 = 89.85 μg/mL (hexane extraction)
flavonoids and condensed tannins decoction DPPH 136.1 mg TE/g DM [132]
flavonoids, tannins acetone extraction IC50 = 14.49 μg/mL [128]
phenolic compounds and flavonoids hydro-distillation DPPH IC50 = 138.23 μg/mL (vegetative stages)
IC50 = 119.49 μg/mL (beginning flowering stage)
IC50 = 83.26 μg/mL (full flowering stage)		 [60]
FRAP IC50 = 151.21 μg/mL (vegetative stages)
IC50 = 139.35 μg/mL (beginning flowering stage)
IC50 = 116.42 μg/mL (full flowering stage)
ABTS IC50 = 174.95 μg/mL (vegetative stages)
IC50 = 153.39 μg/mL (beginning flowering stage)
IC50 = 132.25 μg/mL (full flowering stage)
H2O2 IC50 = 77.35 μg/mL (vegetative stages)
IC50 = 64.81 μg/mL (beginning flowering stage)
IC50 = 48.67 μg/mL (full flowering stage)
total phenolic content ethanolic extraction ABTS IC50 = 17.53 µg/mL [65]
FRP IC50 = 74.43 µg/mL
P. graveolens cv. Rosé leaves phenolic compounds ethanolic extraction DPPH IC50 = 7.88 µg/mL [133]
β-carotene bleaching assay IC50 = 78.3 µg/mL
FRAP IC50 = 143 µg/mL
H2O2 IC50 = 2533 µg/mL
stems DPPH IC50 = 10.00 µg/mL
β-carotene bleaching assay IC50 = 533.4 µg/mL
FRAP IC50 = 137.2 µg/mL
H2O2 IC50 = 3550.00 µg/mL
P. glutinosum aerial parts flavonoids, tannins acetone extraction DPPH IC50 = 16.41 μg/mL
IC50 = 29.17 μg/mL		 [128]
P. hermanniifolium IC50 = 13.50 μg/mL
P. hispidum IC50 = 12.78 μg/mL
P. panduriforme IC50 = 91.58 μg/mL
P. papilionaceum IC50 = 81.24 μg/mL
P. pseudoglutinosum IC50 = 52.38 μg/mL
P. purpureum dried leaves phenolic compounds infusion FRAP 487 μM Fe2+ [134]
P. quercifolium aerial parts flavonoids, tannins acetone extraction DPPH IC50 = 17.15 μg/mL
IC50 = 61.87 μg/mL		 [128]
P. radula leaves phenols, tannins and flavonols ultrasonic extraction–water solvent
ultrasonic extraction–ethanol solvent
decoction–water solvent		 DPPH IC50 = 56.7 μg/mL (water solvent)
IC50 = 70.3 μg/mL (ethanol solvent)
IC50 = 28.6 μg/mL (decoction)		 [135]
SRP IC50 = 0.69 μg/mL (water solvent)
IC50 = 0.95 μg/mL (ethanol solvent)
IC50 = 1.21 μg/mL (decoction)
ANT IC50 = 56.8 μg/mL (water solvent)
IC50 = 81.3 μg/mL (ethanol solvent)
IC50 = 77.6 μg/mL (decoction)
dried leaves DPPH IC50 = 41.7 μg/mL (water solvent)
IC50 = 54.3 μg/mL (ethanol solvent)
IC50 = 38.9 μg/mL (decoction)
SRP IC50 = 1.00 μg/mL (water solvent)
IC50 = 1.12 μg/mL (ethanol solvent)
IC50 = 1.14 μg/mL (decoction)
ANT IC50 = 75.2 μg/mL (water solvent)
IC50 = 79.9 μg/mL (ethanol solvent)
IC50 = 12.2 μg/mL (decoction)
P. scabrum aerial parts flavonoids, tannins acetone extraction DPPH IC50 = 7.15 μg/mL [135]
P. sidoides NA total phenolic content, condensend tannins 50% methanol extraction DPPH IC50 = 6.64 μg/mL [136]
BHT IC50 = 2.66 μg/mL
P. sublignosum aerial parts flavonoids, tannins acetone extraction DPPH IC50 = 17.61 μg/mL [128]

where: ABTS—radical scavenging assay-2,20-azino-bis(3-thylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; AMF—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; ANT—antioxidant activity in β-carotene-linoleic acid assay; APX—ascorbate peroxidase; CAT—catalase; CUPRAC—Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity; DM—dry matter; DPPH—radical scavenging activity-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; EO—essential oil; FC—field capacity; FRP—ferric reducing power; FRAP—ferric reducing antioxidant power assay; FW—fresh weight; GPX—glutathione peroxidase; IC50—half maximal inhibitory concentration; LP—lipid peroxidation assay; MDA—malondialdehyde; NA—not available; SOD—superoxide dismutase; SRP—slope of trend line in reducing power assay; TE—Trolox equivalent; TEAC—Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity.