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. 2023 Dec 24;27:137. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00460-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Functions of HA-based hydrogels. A Catechol-modified HA/alginate double network hydrogels with high fracture toughness and elasticity for 3D coaxial printing [51]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH GmbH. License Number: 5618121300533. B Gelatin GelMA/HA-dynamic hydrazone (HYD) hydrogel bioinks that produce mechanically strong printed structures [52]. Based on Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial International Public License (CC BY-NC). Copyright 2022, the Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. C Sodium-maleated HA (MHA)/sodium-HASA hydrogel precursors with fast gelation kinetics. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [53] .Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. D Magnetically responsive Nanoclay-Incorporated Double-Network (NIDN) hydrogels for 3D printing [54]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH GmbH. License Number: 5618161075332. E Microfluidic preparation of injectable HAMA microspheres [55]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. License Number:5618161075332. F Thiol-functionalized hyaluronic acid dynamic hydrogel with Au ions for better printing accuracy and applicability [56]. Copyright 2022, Wiley–VCH GmbH. License Number: 5618170397422. G Adjustable crosslinked HA gel for 3D printing. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [57]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society