Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Country | Population | No of participants | Methods | Ref |
| Qualitative | |||||
| Birhanu 2018 | Ethiopia | Pregnant women and healthcare providers | 20 women, 22 healthcare providers | Phenomology | 19 |
| Martin 2017a | Kenya | Pregnant women and healthcare providers | 22 women, 20 healthcare providers | Phenomology | 38 |
| Martin 2018 | Kenya | Healthcare providers, pregnant women, adherence partners | 7 healthcare providers, 32 pregnant women, 20 adherence partners | Phenomology | 39 |
| Vestering 2019 | Netherlands | Healthcare providers and pregnant women | 8 healthcare providers, 25 women | Phenomology | 18 |
| Mixed methods | |||||
| Kachwaha 2022 | India | Healthcare providers, supervisors and facility staffs | ~500 healthcare providers and supervisors, and 20 block level staffs | Mixed methods | 42 |
| Martin 2017b and Omatoyo 2018a | Kenya and Ethiopia | Pregnant women | 85 pregnant women, 50 in Ethiopia, 38 in Kenya | Trials of improved practices | 40 41 |
| Quantitative | |||||
| Baxter 2014 | Bangladesh | Pregnant women | 132 | Modified discrete-choice trial | 30 |
| Bora 2022 | India | Pregnant women | 3 097 274 | Cross-sectional study | 27 |
| Ghosh-Jareth 2015 | India | Pregnant women and recently delivered women | 184 pregnant women and 160 recently delivered women | Cross-sectional study | 29 |
| Liu 2019 | China | Women aged from 16 to 49 years who were pregnant between 2010 and 2013 and had specific pregnancy outcomes before the survey | 30 027 | Cross-sectional study | 36 |
| Martin 2017c and Omotayo 2018b | Kenya | Pregnant women | 990 pregnant women and 16 facilities | Process evaluation study adopting programme impact pathway | 28 33 |
| Nguyen 2017 | Bangladesh | Pregnant women and recently delivered women | 600 pregnant women and 2000 recently delivered women | Cross-sectional household surveys | 34 |
| Nguyen 2018 | Bangladesh | Women and husbands | 1000 women and 70% of their husbands | Cluster randomised control trial with cross-sectional household surveys | 35 |
| Nguyen 2019 | India | Pregnant women and recently delivered women | 667 pregnant women and 1835 recently delivered women | Cross-sectional household surveys | 32 |
| Shakya Shrestha 2020 | Nepal | Pregnant women | 191 | Cross-sectional study | 37 |
| Thapa 2016 | Nepal | Pregnant and postpartum women, health facilities, female community health volunteers | 1240 | Prospective collection and secondary analysis of monitoring data captured by the MOHP | 31 |