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. 2023 Dec 7;14:1292503. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1292503

Table 1.

Waterpipe smoking status and selected demographic and lifestyle characteristics.

Characteristics Non-waterpipe smokers
N (%‡)
Waterpipe smokers
Ever smokers
N (%‡)
Daily smokers
N (%†)
Occasional smokers
N (%†)
Total 3,068 (88.2) 409 (11.8) 149 (36.4) 260 (63.6)
Cigarette smoking, N (%)
Never smoker 2,256 (90.24) 244 (9.76) 98 (40.16) 146 (59.84)
Regular smoker 812 (83.1) 165 (16.9) 51 (30.9) 114 (69.1)
Opium use, N (%)
Never user 2,559 (88.8) 322 (11.2) 125 (38.8) 197 (61.2)
Non-regular user 119 (86.2) 19 (13.8) 3 (15.8) 16 (84.2)
Regular user 390 (85.1) 68 (14.8) 21 (30.9) 47 (69.1)
Alcohol use, N (%)
No 2,956 (88.7) 377 (11.3) 137 (36.3) 240 (63.7)
Yes 112 (77.8) 32 (22.2) 12 (37.5) 20 (62.5)
Secondhand exposure to cigarette smoke, N (%)
No 2,209 (90.3) 236 (9.6) 88 (37.3) 148 (62.7)
Yes 859 (83.2) 173 (16.8) 61 (35.3) 112 (64.7)
Age, N (%)
<40 211 (82.1) 46 (17.9) 2 (22.4) 44 (77.6)
40–49 491 (87.8) 68 (12.2) 20 (29.4) 48 (70.6)
50–59 957 (89.4) 113 (10.6) 35 (31) 78 (69)
60–69 969 (88.7) 123 (11.3) 59 (48) 64 (52)
≥70 440 (88.2) 59 (11.9) 33 (55.9) 26 (44.1)
Gender, N (%)
Female 957 (88.9) 120 (11.1) 48 (40) 72 (60)
Male 2,111 (88) 289 (12.0) 101 (34.9) 188 (65.1)
Province, N (%)
Low prevalence regions 2,113 (93) 159 (7) 21 (13.21) 138 (86.79)
Tehran 731 (89.6) 85 (10.4) 9 (10.6) 76 (89.4)
Khorasan-Razavi 133 (78.2) 37 (21.8) 5 (13.5) 32 (86.5)
Kerman 504 (96) 31 (4) 5 (23.8) 16 (76.2)
Golestan 368 (98.4) 6 (1.6) 1 (16.7) 5 (83.3)
Mazandaran 132 (97.1) 4 (2.9) 1 (25) 3 (75)
Kermanshah 245 (97.6) 6 (2.4) 0 6 (100)
High prevalence regions 955 (79.25) 250 (20.75) 128 (51.20) 122 (48.8)
Fars 756 (80.2) 187 (19.8) 92 (49.2) 95 (50.8)
Bushehr 49 (58.3) 35 (41.7) 20 (57.1) 15 (42.9)
Hormozgan 66 (84.6) 12 (15.4) 6 (50) 6 (50)
Systan-Balouchestan 84 (84.0) 16 (16) 10 (62.5) 6 (37.5)
Rural residence, N (%)
rural 1934 (89.2) 233 (10.7) 101 (43.3) 132 (56.6)
urban 1,134 (86.6) 176 (13.4) 48 (27.3) 128 (72.7)
Marital status, N (%)
Married 2,782 (88.4) 365 (11.6) 137 (37.5) 228 (62.5)
Widow 162 (87.1) 24 (12.9) 10 (41.7) 14 (58.3)
Divorced/Separated 36 (87.8) 5 (12.2) 0 5 (100)
Single 78 (83.9) 15 (16.1) 2 (13.3) 13 (86.7)
Unknown 10 (100.0) 0 0 0
Education status, N (%)
Illiterate 517 (87.6) 73 (12.4) 43 (58.9) 30 (41.1)
Diploma & less 2031 (87.3) 294 (12.6) 94 (32) 200 (68)
University 520 (92.5) 42 (7.5) 12 (28.6) 30 (71.4)
Socioeconomic status, N (%)
Low 856 (87.9) 118 (12.1) 68 (57.6) 50 (42.4)
Medium 1,019 (86.7) 156 (13.3) 54 (34.6) 102 (65.4)
High 1,193 (89.8) 135 (10.2) 27 (20) 108 (80)
Employment status*, N (%)
Group 1 360 (91.6) 33 (8.4) 9 (27.3) 24 (72.7)
Group 2 545 (88.2) 73 (11.8) 23 (31.5) 50 (68.5)
Group 3 517 (89.9) 58 (10.1) 26 (44.8) 32 (55.2)
Group 4 750 (85.8) 124 (14.2) 41 (33.1) 83 (66.9)
Group 5 84 (91.3) 8 (8.7) 2 (25) 6 (75)
Group 6 812 (87.8) 113 (12.2) 48 (42.5) 65 (57.5)

*Group 1 (professional, technical and related worker, administrative and managerial worker), group 2: (clerical and related workers, sales workers, service workers), group 3: (agricultural, animal husbandry and forestry workers, fishermen and hunters), group 4: (agricultural, animal husbandry, and farmer), group5: (production and related workers, transport), group 6: (military), and group 7: (other, including housewives, pension, unemployed). Percentage over total number of subjects. Percentage over total number of waterpipe smokers.

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