Table 1.
Characteristics | Non-waterpipe smokers N (%‡) |
Waterpipe smokers | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ever smokers N (%‡) |
Daily smokers N (%†) |
Occasional smokers N (%†) |
||
Total | 3,068 (88.2) | 409 (11.8) | 149 (36.4) | 260 (63.6) |
Cigarette smoking, N (%) | ||||
Never smoker | 2,256 (90.24) | 244 (9.76) | 98 (40.16) | 146 (59.84) |
Regular smoker | 812 (83.1) | 165 (16.9) | 51 (30.9) | 114 (69.1) |
Opium use, N (%) | ||||
Never user | 2,559 (88.8) | 322 (11.2) | 125 (38.8) | 197 (61.2) |
Non-regular user | 119 (86.2) | 19 (13.8) | 3 (15.8) | 16 (84.2) |
Regular user | 390 (85.1) | 68 (14.8) | 21 (30.9) | 47 (69.1) |
Alcohol use, N (%) | ||||
No | 2,956 (88.7) | 377 (11.3) | 137 (36.3) | 240 (63.7) |
Yes | 112 (77.8) | 32 (22.2) | 12 (37.5) | 20 (62.5) |
Secondhand exposure to cigarette smoke, N (%) | ||||
No | 2,209 (90.3) | 236 (9.6) | 88 (37.3) | 148 (62.7) |
Yes | 859 (83.2) | 173 (16.8) | 61 (35.3) | 112 (64.7) |
Age, N (%) | ||||
<40 | 211 (82.1) | 46 (17.9) | 2 (22.4) | 44 (77.6) |
40–49 | 491 (87.8) | 68 (12.2) | 20 (29.4) | 48 (70.6) |
50–59 | 957 (89.4) | 113 (10.6) | 35 (31) | 78 (69) |
60–69 | 969 (88.7) | 123 (11.3) | 59 (48) | 64 (52) |
≥70 | 440 (88.2) | 59 (11.9) | 33 (55.9) | 26 (44.1) |
Gender, N (%) | ||||
Female | 957 (88.9) | 120 (11.1) | 48 (40) | 72 (60) |
Male | 2,111 (88) | 289 (12.0) | 101 (34.9) | 188 (65.1) |
Province, N (%) | ||||
Low prevalence regions | 2,113 (93) | 159 (7) | 21 (13.21) | 138 (86.79) |
Tehran | 731 (89.6) | 85 (10.4) | 9 (10.6) | 76 (89.4) |
Khorasan-Razavi | 133 (78.2) | 37 (21.8) | 5 (13.5) | 32 (86.5) |
Kerman | 504 (96) | 31 (4) | 5 (23.8) | 16 (76.2) |
Golestan | 368 (98.4) | 6 (1.6) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) |
Mazandaran | 132 (97.1) | 4 (2.9) | 1 (25) | 3 (75) |
Kermanshah | 245 (97.6) | 6 (2.4) | 0 | 6 (100) |
High prevalence regions | 955 (79.25) | 250 (20.75) | 128 (51.20) | 122 (48.8) |
Fars | 756 (80.2) | 187 (19.8) | 92 (49.2) | 95 (50.8) |
Bushehr | 49 (58.3) | 35 (41.7) | 20 (57.1) | 15 (42.9) |
Hormozgan | 66 (84.6) | 12 (15.4) | 6 (50) | 6 (50) |
Systan-Balouchestan | 84 (84.0) | 16 (16) | 10 (62.5) | 6 (37.5) |
Rural residence, N (%) | ||||
rural | 1934 (89.2) | 233 (10.7) | 101 (43.3) | 132 (56.6) |
urban | 1,134 (86.6) | 176 (13.4) | 48 (27.3) | 128 (72.7) |
Marital status, N (%) | ||||
Married | 2,782 (88.4) | 365 (11.6) | 137 (37.5) | 228 (62.5) |
Widow | 162 (87.1) | 24 (12.9) | 10 (41.7) | 14 (58.3) |
Divorced/Separated | 36 (87.8) | 5 (12.2) | 0 | 5 (100) |
Single | 78 (83.9) | 15 (16.1) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (86.7) |
Unknown | 10 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Education status, N (%) | ||||
Illiterate | 517 (87.6) | 73 (12.4) | 43 (58.9) | 30 (41.1) |
Diploma & less | 2031 (87.3) | 294 (12.6) | 94 (32) | 200 (68) |
University | 520 (92.5) | 42 (7.5) | 12 (28.6) | 30 (71.4) |
Socioeconomic status, N (%) | ||||
Low | 856 (87.9) | 118 (12.1) | 68 (57.6) | 50 (42.4) |
Medium | 1,019 (86.7) | 156 (13.3) | 54 (34.6) | 102 (65.4) |
High | 1,193 (89.8) | 135 (10.2) | 27 (20) | 108 (80) |
Employment status*, N (%) | ||||
Group 1 | 360 (91.6) | 33 (8.4) | 9 (27.3) | 24 (72.7) |
Group 2 | 545 (88.2) | 73 (11.8) | 23 (31.5) | 50 (68.5) |
Group 3 | 517 (89.9) | 58 (10.1) | 26 (44.8) | 32 (55.2) |
Group 4 | 750 (85.8) | 124 (14.2) | 41 (33.1) | 83 (66.9) |
Group 5 | 84 (91.3) | 8 (8.7) | 2 (25) | 6 (75) |
Group 6 | 812 (87.8) | 113 (12.2) | 48 (42.5) | 65 (57.5) |
*Group 1 (professional, technical and related worker, administrative and managerial worker), group 2: (clerical and related workers, sales workers, service workers), group 3: (agricultural, animal husbandry and forestry workers, fishermen and hunters), group 4: (agricultural, animal husbandry, and farmer), group5: (production and related workers, transport), group 6: (military), and group 7: (other, including housewives, pension, unemployed). ‡Percentage over total number of subjects. †Percentage over total number of waterpipe smokers.