Table 3.

PCNL in anomalous kidney stone management.

Study	Characteristics	Procedure/results	Conclusion
Prakash (2017) 10	Aim  PCNL in anomalous kidneys Study  Retrospective	Patients  Patients 86  Male/female: 58/28  Bifid system: 40  HSK: 20, MRK: 8, PK: 8, CFRE: 4, crossed ectopia: 6 Stone characteristics  Size: 4.4 cm ± 1.6  Location: pure pelvic 50, calyceal 26, complex 15 Procedure  PCNL Complications Clavien–Dindo  Grade 1–16, Grade 2–15, Grade 3–0, Grade 4–3	PCNL in the anomalous kidney is a safe and feasible procedure like a normally located kidney but requires careful preoperative planning and one has to be vigilant for all possible intraoperative and postoperative complications
Gupta (2009) 9	Aim  PCNL in anomalous kidneys Study  Retrospective	Patients  Patients 46 (52 renal units)  Male/female: 28/18  HSK: 31, MRK: 7, PK: 4, CFRE: 4 Stone characteristics  Size: 2.4 cm, Avg.  Location: pure pelvic 26, pelvicalyceal 14, calyceal 12 Procedure  PCNL/Relook PCNL in 7 Complications  Minimal	PCNL is technically very challenging in anomalous kidneys because the abnormal pelvicalyceal system results in difficulty in access. We recommend PCNL as the modality of choice for anomalous kidneys with larger stones (2 cm) or ESWL refractory stones. Laparoscopic assistance improves the safety of PCNL in pelvic ectopic kidneys and should be used for such conditions

CFRE, crossed fused renal ectopia; HSK, horseshoe kidneys; MRK, Mal-rotated kidneys; PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy; PK, pelvic kidney.