Table 1.
Mitophagic therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases
| Neurodegenerative diseases | Drugs | Targets | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Overexpressing Parkin with lentivirus | Parkin-dependent pathway | Hong et al., 2014 |
| Urolithin A | A greater response to oxidative stress | Gimenez-Bastida et al., 2012; Cásedas et al., 2020 | |
| Physical exercise and caloric restriction | SIRT1/PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway | Anekonda, 2006; Zhou et al., 2022 | |
| Overexpression of transcription factor EB | Promotes degradation of fibrillar amyloid-beta via upregulation of lysosomal biogenesis in the microglia | Tan et al., 2019 | |
| Actinonin | Restores mitochondrial damage by activating BNIP3-mediated mitophagy | Fang et al., 2019 | |
| NAD+-precursor molecules | McWilliams et al., 2016; McLelland et al., 2018 | ||
| Ubisol-Q(10) | Increases expression of autophagy-related genes Bcl-1 and JNK1 | Vegh et al., 2019 | |
| AD-hepatocyte growth factor | Markedly increases the formation of Beclin1-Vps34-ATG14L complex | Liu et al., 2016 | |
| PD | Spermidine | Induces mitophagy and prevents memory loss | Wirth et al., 2018 |
| XBP1 (a transcription factor activated by ER stress) | Functional interaction between XBP1 and PINK1 | Fleming et al., 2022 | |
| Dexmedetomidine | Parkin-dependent pathway | Chen et al., 2022 | |
| ROCK (an inhibitor of mitophagy) | Enhances the targeting of mitochondria to lysosomes | Quadir et al., 2021 | |
| Artemisia leaf extract | Promotes mitophagy clearance | Wu et al., 2022 | |
| Cilostazol | Hampers both LC3-II and p62 levels | Hedya et al., 2018 | |
| ALS | Celastrol | Reduces MPP(+)-induced dopaminergic neuronal death | Lin et al., 2019 |
| Methionine sulfoxide reductase | Reduces patients in PD platelets and mutations in M192 | Aman et al., 2020 | |
| Human insulin-like growth factor-1 | Protects mitochondria from apoptosis and upregulates mitophagy | Chiricosta et al., 2019 | |
| Vitamin E | Obrador et al., 2021 | ||
| Rilmenidine | Perera et al., 2018 | ||
| Combination of nicotinamide | Wen et al., 2019 | ||
| Riboside and pterostilbene | |||
| Ketone bodies | Regulates mitophagy, reduces mitochondrial dysfunction | Caplliure-Llopis et al., 2020 | |
| ALBRIOZA | Caplliure-Llopis et al., 2020 | ||
| TAR DNA binding protein-43 | Interacts with voltage-dependent anion channel 1, Prohibitins 2, and pivotal mitophagy receptors | Davis et al., 2018 |
AD: Alzheimer's disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Aβ: amyloid-beta; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; LC3: light chain 3; MPP:1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; SIRT1: silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1; PD: Parkinson's disease; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; ROCK: Rho-associated protein kinase/Rho-kinase; XBP1: mouse X-box binding protein 1.