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. 2023 Sep 22;19(5):941–942. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.385295

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Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research

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Polyphenols target different steps of the autophagic process.

Transcription factors, signaling pathways, and autophagic-related proteins are involved in the modulation of autophagy by polyphenols. AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG12: autophagy related 12; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; LC3-II: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3- phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate; mTOR: mammalian target, of rapamycin; NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PI3K/AKT/mTOR: phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin; p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; ULK1: unc-51-like kinase 1.