Table 1:
Baseline characteristics
| Surgical LSPAF ablation, n = 202 | |
|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 69.7 (7.8) |
| Female, % (n/n) | 27.2 (55/202) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.4 (20.0), n = 201 |
| Leading valvular heart disease, % (n/n) | 63.5 (125/197) |
| LVEF ≤40%, % (n/n) | 18.3 (37/202) |
| LA diameter >45 mm, % (n/n) | 69.3 (113/163) |
| NYHA class ≥III, % (n/n) | 58.1 (108/186) |
| EHRA score >IIb, % (n/n) | 61.6 (101/164) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2, % (n/n) | 88.9 (169/190) |
| HAS-BLED score ≥3, % (n/n) | 36.8 (70/190) |
| Resistance to amiodarone, % (n/n) | 28.3 (35/147) |
| DC shock cardioversion (≥1), % (n/n) | 45.3 (91/201) |
| Catheter ablation (≥1), % (n/n) | 20.9 (41/196) |
| Pacemaker/ICD, % (n/n) | 7.9 (16/202) |
| Myocardial infarction, % (n/n) | 10.9 (22/201) |
| Stroke, % (n/n) | 6.0 (12/201) |
| TIA, % (n/n) | 6.0 (12/201) |
| Peripheral arterial disease, % (n/n) | 5.5 (11/201) |
| Renal failure, % (n/n) | 26.9 (54/201) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, % (n/n) | 7.5 (15/201) |
| Liver disease, % (n/n) | 4.0 (8/201) |
| Arterial hypertension, % (n/n) | 82.6 (166/201) |
| Diabetes, % (n/n) | 19.4 (39/201) |
| EuroSCORE II, mean (SD) | 5.4 (9.9), n = 200 |
DC: direct current; EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association; EHRA score: modified European Heart Rhythm Association symptom scale [18]; ICD: implanted cardioverter defibrillator; LA: left atrial; LSPAF: long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SD: standard deviation; TIA: transient ischaemic attack; CHA2DS2: Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke, Vascular disease, Sex category; HAS-BLED: Hypertension, Abnormal renal and liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs.