Table 2.
Dietary interventions on macronutrients
| Class | Subclass | Protocol | Cancer type | Therapeutic intervention | Phase | Status | NCT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting regimen | Calorie-restricted diet | 15%-decreased caloric intake with reduced fat and glycemic content + exercise | B-cell acute lympho blastic leukemia | Chemotherapy | Phase II | Recruiting | NCT05082519 |
| 25%-decreased caloric intake for 3–12 weeks prior to definitive cancer surgery | Breast/endome-trium/prostate cancer | Surgery | n/a | Active, not recruiting | NCT02983279 | ||
| 25%-decreased caloric intake 1 week before and 5–11 weeks after radiotherapy | Breast cancer | Radiotherapy | Phase II | Recruiting | NCT04959474 | ||
| 50%-decreased caloric intake 2–3 days before chemotherapy + exercise | Breast cancer | Chemotherapy | Phase II | Enrolling by invita | NCT03795493 | ||
| 5 days every 3 weeks calorie-restricted diet (fasting-mimicking diet: 700 kcal on day 1, 300 kcal on days 2–4 and 450 kcal on day 5 ± met formin 1500 mg/day) | Lung adenocarci noma | Chemoimmuno-therapy | Phase II | Recruiting | NCT03709147 | ||
| 5 days every 3 weeks calorie-restricted diet (fasting-mimicking diet: 600 kcal on day 1 then 300 kcal on days 2–5 ± metformin 1700 mg/day) | Breast cancer | Chemotherapy | Phase II | Recruiting | NCT04248998 | ||
| Very low calorie (350–400 kcal vegetable juice) 24–60 hours before and 24 hours after chemotherapy | Breast/ovarian cancer | Chemotherapy | n/a | Recruiting | NCT03162289 | ||
| Low-calorie diet 72 hours before, during, and 24 hours after chemotherapy (not detailed) | Breast/prostate cancer | Chemotherapy | Phase II | Recruiting | NCT01802346 | ||
| Two-year caloric restriction (not detailed) | Breast cancer | Preventive | Phase III | Active, not recruiting | NCT02750826 | ||
| Short-term fasting | 24-hour fasting before and 24 hours after surgery | Colon cancer | Surgery | n/a | Active, not recruiting | NCT04345978 | |
| 48-hourfasting before and 24 hours after immunotherapy | Skin neoplasms | Immunotherapy | Phase 1 | Recruiting | NCT04387084 | ||
| Overnight fasting and 4 hours after chemotherapy | n/a | Chemotherapy | Phase 1 | Recruiting | NCT03892018 | ||
| 96-hour fasting after surgery | Esophageal cancer | Surgery | n/a | Recruiting | NCT03676478 | ||
| 24 hours fasting before and 24 hours after chemotherapy | Colorectal carci noma | Chemotherapy | n/a | Enrolling by invita | NCT04247464 | ||
| Short-term fasting + time-restricted KD | 5-day fasting during chemotherapy and 23/1-hour fasting/eating KD between cycles | Glioblastoma | Chemoradio-therapy | n/a | Recruiting | NCT04730869 | |
| Time-restricted eating | 16/8 hour fasting/eating cycles for 3 months | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | None | Phase 1 | Active, not recruiting | NCT04626843 | |
| Intervention on macronutrients | Low-carbohydrate diet | Low-carbohydrate diet ± high-dose vitamin C for 12 weeks | Colon cancer | Chemotherapy/Targeted therapy | n/a | Not yet recruiting | NCT04035096 |
| Lowglycemic index food + high-dose vitamin D for 33 months after surgery | Breast cancer | n/a | Phase III | Active, not recruiting | NCT02786875 | ||
| Low-carbohydrate diet (<20 g carb/day) for 6 months | Prostate cancer | Preventive | Phase II | Recruiting | NCT03679260 | ||
| Calorie-restricted KD | Calorie-restricted KD (<25 kcal/kg/day) from re-section until 6 weeks after chemoradiotherapy treatment | Glioblastoma | Chemoradio therapy | n/a | Active, not recruiting | NCT01535911 | |
| Calorie-restricted continuous 4:1 KD (< 1,600 kcal/day), continuous startingfrom radiotherapy | Glioblastoma | Chemoradio-therapy | Phase II | Active, not recruiting | NCT02302235 | ||
| Isocaloric KD | Continuous 3:1 KD | Pediatric brain tumors | Chemotherapy | n/a | Recruiting | NCT03591861 | |
| Continuous KD from treatment onset (± metformin 1,700–2,550 mg/day) | Glioblastoma | Targeted therapy | Phase II | Not yet recruiting | NCT05183204 | ||
| Continuous 2:1 KD for one year | Renal cell carcinoma | Targeted/Immunotherapy | n/a | Recruiting | NCT04316520 | ||
| Continuous KD for 16 weeks | Glioblastoma | Chemoradio-therapy | Phase 1 | Active, not recruiting | NCT03451799 | ||
| Continuous KD for 12 weeks | Mantle cell lymphoma | None | n/a | Recruiting | NCT04231734 | ||
| Continuous 3:1 KD during chemotherapy (12 weeks) | Breast cancer | Chemotherapy | n/a | Not yet recruiting | NCT05234502 | ||
| Continuous KD (<40 g carbs/day), discontinuous KD (15 days on-15 days off), or 3-hydroxy-butyrate oral supplement (>1 g/kg/day) for 12 weeks | Renal cell carcinoma | Immunotherapy | n/a | Not yet recruiting | NCT05119010 | ||
| Continuous modified KD (Atkins diet, <20 g carbohydrates/day) | Glioblastoma | n/a | n/a | Active, not recruiting | NCT03278249 | ||
| Continuous KD (<30 g carb/day, 1.5 g proteins/day) during chemotherapy | Pancreatic cancer | Chemotherapy | Phase II | Recruiting | NCT04631445 | ||
| Continuous KD 7 days before and during treatment cycles | Follicular lymphoma/Endometrial cancer | Targeted therapy | Phase II | Recruiting | NCT04750941 |
Abbreviation: KD, ketogenic diet.