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. 2023 Dec 12;10:1336416. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1336416

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Copyright © 2023 D’Angelo, Vecellio Reane and Raffaello.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MCU complex structure. The MCU complex is localized in the IMM. It comprises the pore-forming subunit, MCU, and its dominant-negative form, MCUb It consists of the pore-forming subunit, MCU, and its dominant-negative variant, MCUb. MCU is connected to the regulatory subunit MICU1 by the transmembrane protein EMRE. The MICU family also includes MICU1.1, MICU2, and MICU3. MICU proteins detect increases in Ca²⁺ levels through EF-hand domains, enabling the channel to open in response to elevated cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ levels. MCUR1 is a potential regulator of channel activity; however, its role is still a subject of debate.