FIGURE 2.

MitCa²⁺ uptake homeostasis. Under normal physiological conditions, the mitCa²⁺ enhances oxidative metabolism by increasing the activity of the Krebs cycle. Conditions of mitCa²⁺ overload promote the opening of the mPTP, resulting in the release of pro-apoptotic factors that ultimately lead to cell death. Simultaneously, excessive mitCa²⁺ uptake strongly promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to the development of pathological conditions.