Table 5.
Factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and risk of CCHF in a one-factor model.
| Variable\ Category | Knowledge |
Attitude |
Risk |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | |
| Age (year) | ||||||
| 18–25 | 22.13 ± 3.87 | 0.010 | 29.17 ± 5.87 | 0.460 | 11.15 ± 2.48 | 0.028 |
| 26–35 | 23.25 ± 4.40 | 0.082 | 29.71 ± 5.62 | 0.216 | 12.25 ± 1.49 | 0.865 |
| 36–55 | 24.27 ± 3.38 | 0.578 | 30.24 ± 6.02 | 0.126 | 12.26 ± 1.57 | 0.859 |
| More than 55 | 24.78 ± 3.50 | Ref. | 27.93 ± 8.77 | Ref. | 12.18 ± 1.76 | Ref. |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 22.94 ± 4.50 | 0.076 | 29.68 ± 5.68 | 0.749 | 11.60 ± 2.09 | 0.007 |
| Male | 24.03 ± 3.53 | Ref. | 29.36 ± 6.79 | Ref. | 12.34 ± 1.51 | Ref. |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 23.28 ± 3.86 | 0.713 | 30.11 ± 4.84 | 0.637 | 11.67 ± 1.83 | 0.345 |
| Married/Widow | 23.64 ± 3.99 | Ref. | 29.44 ± 6.53 | Ref. | 12.09 ± 1.79 | Ref. |
| Income (million IRR) | ||||||
| Less than 50 | 23.28 ± 4.24 | 0.501 | 30.19 ± 5.66 | <0.001 | 11.72 ± 1.84 | 0.068 |
| 50–100 | 24.09 ± 3.43 | 0.215 | 29.15 ± 6.96 | 0.002 | 12.53 ± 1.32 | 0.657 |
| >100 | 22.40 ± 3.37 | Ref. | 22.60 ± 6.74 | Ref. | 12.80 ± 2.97 | Ref. |
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate | 22.72 ± 4.70 | 0.438 | 28.35 ± 6.82 | 0.378 | 12.15 ± 1.51 | 0.070 |
| Elementary school | 23.80 ± 3.04 | 0.958 | 30.70 ± 5.84 | 0.069 | 11.85 ± 1.77 | 0.027 |
| Secondary school | 24.38 ± 3.32 | 0.738 | 30.23 ± 5.64 | 0.101 | 12.09 ± 2.10 | 0.061 |
| High school diploma | 23.81 ± 4.76 | 0.971 | 29.47 ± 5.79 | 0.247 | 11.62 ± 1.67 | 0.025 |
| University graduates | 23.88 ± 4.05 | Ref. | 26.25 ± 9.25 | Ref. | 13.38 ± 1.94 | Ref. |
| Job | ||||||
| Livestock farmers | 24.41 ± 2.87 | 0.019 | 28.16 ± 7.77 | 0.032 | 12.46 ± 1.91 | 0.018 |
| Others | 22.98 ± 4.48 | Ref. | 30.28 ± 5.10 | Ref. | 11.79 ± 1.68 | Ref. |
| History of CCHF infection | ||||||
| Yes | 26.86 ± 2.34 | 0.026 | 32.28 ± 6.13 | 0.235 | 12.21 ± 1.25 | 0.811 |
| No | 23.47 ± 3.96 | Ref. | 29.36 ± 6.36 | Ref. | 12.05 ± 1.81 | Ref. |
| History of handling livestock | ||||||
| Yes | 24.12 ± 3.79 | 0.012 | 29.68 ± 6.39 | 0.552 | 12.46 ± 1.56 | <0.001 |
| No | 22.53 ± 4.12 | Ref. | 29.07 ± 6.33 | Ref. | 11.23 ± 1.96 | Ref. |
| History of slaughtering livestock | ||||||
| Yes | 23.56 ± 4.08 | 0.929 | 27.50 ± 7.51 | 0.004 | 12.85 ± 1.61 | <0.001 |
| No | 23.62 ± 3.94 | Ref. | 30.44 ± 5.54 | Ref. | 11.68 ± 1.76 | Ref. |
| History of exposure to CCHF patient | ||||||
| Yes | 25.36 ± 4.30 | 0.128 | 33.18 ± 3.94 | 0.046 | 12.54 ± 0.93 | 0.350 |
| No | 23.48 ± 3.92 | Ref. | 29.23 ± 6.42 | Ref. | 12.02 ± 1.8 | Ref. |
| History of tick bite | ||||||
| Yes | 24.18 ± 3.46 | 0.618 | 29.18 ± 7.10 | 0.872 | 13.32 ± 1.42 | 0.015 |
| No | 23.56 ± 4.00 | Ref. | 29.50 ± 6.33 | Ref. | 11.97 ± 1.79 | Ref. |
| A specific place for keeping livestock at home | ||||||
| Yes | 23.63 ± 3.86 | 0.910 | 28.72 ± 6.75 | 0.079 | 12.34 ± 1.54 | 0.016 |
| No | 23.56 ± 4.11 | Ref. | 30.42 ± 5.75 | Ref. | 11.69 ± 2.02 | Ref. |
| Received training on CCHF | ||||||
| Yes | 24.79 ± 3.35 | <0.001 | 30.72 ± 6.27 | 0.023 | 12.19 ± 1.52 | 0.379 |
| No | 22.68 ± 4.16 | Ref. | 28.52 ± 6.30 | Ref. | 11.95 ± 1.98 | Ref. |
The frequency analysis includes a maximum of 4 (2.2 %) missing.
In contrast to livestock farmers (p = 0.032) and individuals with a history of slaughtering livestock (p = 0.004), those with an income below 100,000,000 IRR (p = 0.002), a history of exposure to CCHF patient (p = 0.046), and people who received education about CCHF (p = 0.023) had significantly better attitudes toward the risk of CCHF (Table 5). Income (p = 0.001), keeping livestock at home (p = 0.028), and receiving CCHF education (p = 0.012) were identified as the most important factors associated with attitude towards the risk of CCHF, according to the multi-factor model.
CCHF-related high-risk behavior was significantly less in young people (p = 0.028), females (p = 0.007), and people with an elementary (p = 0.027) or high school education degree (p = 0.025) compared to university graduates. Conversely, high-risk behavior was greater in livestock farmers (p = 0.018), individuals who had a specific place for keeping livestock at home (p = 0.016), those with a history of handling livestock (p < 0.001), slaughtering livestock (p < 0.001), or a tick bite (p = 0.015) (Table 5). According to the multi-factor model, age (p = 0.045), gender (p = 0.028), and handling livestock (p < 0.001) were the most important factors associated with CCHF-related high-risk behavior.