Table 1.
Participant characteristics (n=11).
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | Value | ||||
| People with stroke (n=6) | |||||
|
|
Type of stroke, n (%) | ||||
|
|
|
Ischemic | 3 (50) | ||
|
|
|
Hemorrhagic | 3 (50) | ||
|
|
Lesion location, n (%) | ||||
|
|
|
Right hemisphere | 4 (67) | ||
|
|
|
Left hemisphere | 2 (33) | ||
|
|
Time since stroke (y), mean (SD; range) | 7 (6.7; 2-19) | |||
|
|
Types of impairments, n (%)a | ||||
|
|
|
Motor | 6 (100) | ||
|
|
|
Sensory | 4 (67) | ||
|
|
|
Perceptual | 2 (33) | ||
|
|
|
Cognition | 2 (33) | ||
|
|
|
Communication | 1 (17) | ||
|
|
Functional ambulation category scores [74], n (%) | ||||
|
|
|
0b | 0 (0) | ||
|
|
|
1c | 0 (0) | ||
|
|
|
2d | 1 (17) | ||
|
|
|
3e | 1 (17) | ||
|
|
|
4f | 3 (50) | ||
|
|
|
5g | 1 (17) | ||
|
|
Prior experience of technology components, n (%) | ||||
|
|
|
FESh | |||
|
|
|
|
Clinical | 4 (67) | |
|
|
|
|
Research | 3 (50) | |
|
|
|
|
No experience | 1 (17) | |
|
|
|
BCIi | |||
|
|
|
|
Clinical | 0 (0) | |
|
|
|
|
Research | 3 (50) | |
|
|
|
|
No experience | 3 (50) | |
|
|
|
Mobile app–based interventions | |||
|
|
|
|
Clinical | 0 (0) | |
|
|
|
|
Research | 0 (0) | |
|
|
|
|
No experience | 6 (100) | |
|
|
Sex, n (%) | ||||
|
|
|
Female | 3 (50) | ||
|
|
|
Male | 3 (50) | ||
|
|
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
|
|
|
Asian | 1 (17) | ||
|
|
|
European | 2 (33) | ||
|
|
|
New Zealander | 3 (50) | ||
|
|
Age (y), n (%) | ||||
|
|
|
<45 | 1 (17) | ||
|
|
|
45-65 | 2 (33) | ||
|
|
|
>65 | 3 (50) | ||
| Physiotherapists (n=5), n (%) | |||||
|
|
Years qualified as a physiotherapist | ||||
|
|
|
5-10 | 1 (20) | ||
|
|
|
10-20 | 3 (60) | ||
|
|
|
>20 | 1 (20) | ||
|
|
Highest qualification | ||||
|
|
|
Bachelor of Science | 4 (80) | ||
|
|
|
Masters | 1 (20) | ||
|
|
Years of clinical experience in stroke rehabilitation | ||||
|
|
|
5-10 | 3 (60) | ||
|
|
|
10-20 | 1 (20) | ||
|
|
|
>20 | 1 (20) | ||
|
|
Prior experience of technology components | ||||
|
|
|
FESj | |||
|
|
|
|
2-12 | 5 (100) | |
|
|
|
BCIk | |||
|
|
|
|
3 (research context) | 1 (20)l | |
|
|
|
Mobile apps for rehabilitationm | |||
|
|
|
|
3-10 | 5 (100) | |
|
|
Sex |
|
|||
|
|
Female | 5 (100) | |||
|
|
Ethnicity | ||||
|
|
|
European | 2 (40) | ||
|
|
|
New Zealander | 3 (60) | ||
an>6 due to some participants presenting with multiple impairments.
bNonfunctional walker (unable to walk).
cDependent walker requires continues manual contact.
dDependent walker requires intermittent manual contact.
eDependent walker requires verbal supervision or guiding.
fIndependent walker on level surfaces only.
gIndependent walker on any surface.
hFES: functional electrical stimulation (n>6 due to experience in more than 1 category).
iBCI: brain computer interface.
jYears experience using functional electrical stimulation.
kYears experience using brain computer interfaces.
lPrimary author: GA.
mYears experience using mobile apps for rehabilitation. Video mobile apps to capture patient performance and exercise provision mobile apps.