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. 2024 Jan 1;20(1):296–311. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.85378

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The levels of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) in the serum and the expression levels of MANF, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)2, and MMP9 in the villi of healthy pregnant women and pregnant women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage (URM), as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis. A. Comparison of MANF serum levels in 30 healthy pregnant women and 50 pregnant women with URM. B. Comparison of serum MANF levels in 20 healthy non-pregnant women of childbearing age and 19 women with URM, at the time of miscarriage and the non-pregnant period, more than 6 months after the abortion procedure. C. Immunohistochemistry of MANF, MMP2, and MMP9 in the villi of the two groups of participants, scale bar = 200 μm. D. Immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TUNEL staining of villi tissue, scale bar = 200 μm, 50 μm. E. Western blot analysis to detect the levels of MANF, MMP2, MMP9, and PCNA in villi from both groups. F. Immunoblot band density quantification. G. mRNA levels of MANF, MMP2, MMP9, and PCNA in the villi from the two groups. All results are from three or more independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.