Figure 3.

MANF expression levels differentially regulate MMP expression, as well as cell invasion and migration abilities. A. Levels of MMP2 and MMP9 in trophoblast cell lines with stable overexpression or knockdown of MANF, detected by western blotting. B. Proliferation of trophoblast cells at different levels of endogenous MANF assessed by EdU analysis, scale bar = 50 μm. C. Apoptosis of trophoblast cells at different levels of MANF using the TUNEL assay, scale bar = 50 μm. D. Wound healing assay showing the 24 h migration ability of trophoblasts expressing different MANF levels, scale bar = 100 μm. E. Transwell assay showing the 24-h invasion ability of trophoblast cells expressing different MANF levels, scale bar = 100 μm. All results are from three or more independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.