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. 2023 Dec 22;16:5141–5158. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S437219

Table 3.

Cross-Sectional Measurement Invariances of the WHO-5-C (N = 343)

Hypothesis Baseline Follow-up
χ2 (df) P Δχ2 (Δdf) CFI ΔCFI TLI SRMR χ2 (df) P Δχ2 (Δdf) CFI ΔCFI TLI SRMR
Gender (male vs female)
Configural 52.934 (10) < 0.001 0.964 0.929 0.027 41.874 (10) < 0.001 0.979 0.959 0.018
Metric 55.992 (14) < 0.001 3.058 (4) 0.965 0.001 0.950 0.037 51.370 (14) < 0.001 9.496 (4) 0.976 −0.003 0.965 0.044
Scalar 63.280 (18) < 0.001 7.288 (4) 0.962 −0.003 0.958 0.042 55.458 (18) < 0.001 4.088 (4) 0.976 0.000 0.973 0.046
Strict 79.479 (23) < 0.001 16.200 (5)* 0.953 −0.009 0.959 0.041 65.966 (23) < 0.001 10.508 (5) 0.972 −0.004 0.976 0.046
Age (< 20 years vs ≥ 20 years)
Configural 49.244 (10) < 0.001 0.967 0.934 0.025 41.665 (10) < 0.001 0.979 0.958 0.018
Metric 57.824 (14) < 0.001 8.580 (4) 0.963 −0.004 0.947 0.051 49.650 (14) < 0.001 7.985 (4) 0.976 −0.003 0.966 0.043
Scalar 70.454 (18) < 0.001 12.630 (4)* 0.956 −0.007 0.951 0.058 54.244 (18) < 0.001 4.594 (4) 0.976 0.000 0.973 0.046
Strict 74.182 (23) < 0.001 3.728 (5) 0.957 0.001 0.963 0.054 59.088 (23) < 0.001 4.844 (5) 0.976 0.000 0.979 0.046
Major (clinical medicine vs preventive medicine)
Configural 46.837 (10) < 0.001 0.968 0.936 0.026 42.164 (10) < 0.001 0.979 0.958 0.019
Metric 57.528 (14) < 0.001 10.691 (4)* 0.962 −0.006 0.946 0.060 58.085 (14) < 0.001 15.921 (4) 0.971 −0.008 0.958 0.056
Scalar 63.445 (18) < 0.001 5.917 (4) 0.961 −0.001 0.956 0.064 70.981 (18) < 0.001 12.895 (4) 0.965 −0.006 0.961 0.063
Strict 69.586 (23) < 0.001 6.140 (5) 0.960 −0.001 0.965 0.062 78.824 (23) < 0.001 7.844 (5) 0.963 −0.002 0.968 0.059
Home location (urban vs rural vs suburban)
Configural 52.121 (15) < 0.001 0.969 0.938 0.028 47.354 (15) < 0.001 0.979 0.958 0.020
Metric 56.444 (23) < 0.001 4.323 (8) 0.972 0.003 0.963 0.042 50.249 (23) 0.001 2.895 (8) 0.982 0.003 0.977 0.031
Scalar 71.353 (31) < 0.001 14.909 (8) 0.966 −0.006 0.967 0.051 57.660 (31) 0.003 7.411 (8) 0.983 0.001 0.983 0.037
Strict 85.508 (41) < 0.001 14.155 (10) 0.963 −0.003 0.973 0.056 69.440 (41) 0.004 11.780 (10) 0.981 −0.002 0.986 0.036
Threshold N/A > 0.050 N/A ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.010 ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.080 N/A > 0.050 N/A ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.010 ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.080
Being only child (yes vs no)
Configural 55.642 (10) < 0.001 0.962 0.923 0.027 45.525 (10) < 0.001 0.977 0.954 0.019
Metric 57.227 (14) < 0.001 1.585 (4) 0.964 0.002 0.948 0.031 55.883 (14) < 0.001 10.358 (4) 0.973 −0.004 0.961 0.051
Scalar 58.106 (18) < 0.001 0.879 (4) 0.966 0.002 0.962 0.032 58.072 (18) < 0.001 2.189 (4) 0.974 0.001 0.971 0.052
Strict 59.867 (23) < 0.001 1.760 (5) 0.969 0.003 0.973 0.032 63.610 (23) < 0.001 5.539 (5) 0.974 0.000 0.977 0.048
Monthly household income (<10,000 CNY vs ≥10,000 CNY)
Configural 52.339 (10) < 0.001 0.964 0.928 0.028 42.364 (10) < 0.001 0.979 0.958 0.019
Metric 54.249 (14) < 0.001 1.911 (4) 0.966 0.002 0.951 0.035 46.149 (14) < 0.001 3.785 (4) 0.979 0.000 0.970 0.036
Scalar 59.468 (18) < 0.001 5.219 (4) 0.965 −0.001 0.961 0.038 49.460 (18) < 0.001 3.311 (4) 0.979 0.000 0.977 0.038
Strict 60.943 (23) < 0.001 1.475 (5) 0.968 0.003 0.972 0.037 52.133 (23) < 0.001 2.673 (5) 0.981 0.002 0.983 0.038
Part-time job (yes vs no)
Configural 47.502 (10) < 0.001 0.968 0.937 0.026 37.583 (10) < 0.001 0.982 0.964 0.018
Metric 53.590 (14) < 0.001 6.088 (4) 0.966 −0.002 0.952 0.038 39.405 (14) < 0.001 1.822 (4) 0.983 0.001 0.976 0.022
Scalar 54.664 (18) < 0.001 1.075 (4) 0.969 0.003 0.966 0.038 39.965 (18) 0.002 0.559 (4) 0.986 0.003 0.984 0.023
Strict 56.380 (23) < 0.001 1.716 (5) 0.972 0.003 0.975 0.037 43.980 (23) 0.005 4.015 (5) 0.986 0.000 0.988 0.023
Physical exercise (yes vs no)
Configural 48.218 (10) < 0.001 0.967 0.934 0.027 45.160 (10) < 0.001 0.977 0.953 0.018
Metric 49.586 (14) < 0.001 1.368 (4) 0.969 0.002 0.956 0.031 46.897 (14) < 0.001 1.737 (4) 0.978 0.001 0.969 0.023
Scalar 55.063 (18) < 0.001 5.477 (4) 0.968 −0.001 0.965 0.034 50.420 (18) < 0.001 3.523 (4) 0.979 0.001 0.976 0.025
Strict 58.785 (23) < 0.001 3.722 (5) 0.969 0.001 0.973 0.036 55.071 (23) < 0.001 4.651 (5) 0.979 0.000 0.982 0.028
Threshold N/A > 0.050 N/A ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.010 ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.080 N/A > 0.050 N/A ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.010 ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.080
Hobby (yes vs no)
Configural 45.443 (10) < 0.001 0.970 0.939 0.025 41.634 (10) < 0.001 0.979 0.958 0.018
Metric 54.322 (14) < 0.001 8.879 (4) 0.966 −0.004 0.951 0.047 45.428 (14) < 0.001 3.794 (4) 0.979 0.000 0.970 0.030
Scalar 60.352 (18) < 0.001 6.030 (4) 0.964 −0.002 0.960 0.051 50.697 (18) < 0.001 5.269 (4) 0.978 −0.001 0.976 0.033
Strict 64.862 (23) < 0.001 4.511 (5) 0.964 0.000 0.969 0.049 58.747 (23) < 0.001 8.050 (5) 0.976 −0.002 0.979 0.033
Frequency of visiting home (frequently vs occasionally)
Configural 59.381 (10) < 0.001 0.958 0.916 0.030 44.238 (10) < 0.001 0.978 0.955 0.020
Metric 60.465 (14) < 0.001 1.084 (4) 0.961 0.003 0.944 0.033 55.843 (14) < 0.001 11.604 (4) 0.973 −0.005 0.961 0.034
Scalar 67.474 (18) < 0.001 7.010 (4) 0.958 −0.003 0.953 0.037 63.186 (18) < 0.001 7.343 (4) 0.970 −0.003 0.967 0.036
Strict 74.911 (23) < 0.001 7.437 (5) 0.956 −0.002 0.962 0.037 64.914 (23) < 0.001 1.728 (5) 0.972 0.002 0.976 0.038
Stress coping strategy (emotion-focused vs solution-focused vs avoidance coping)
Configural 64.714 (15) < 0.001 0.957 0.914 0.030 56.192 (15) < 0.001 0.973 0.945 0.021
Metric 72.264 (23) < 0.001 7.550 (8) 0.958 0.001 0.945 0.047 61.663 (23) < 0.001 5.471 (8) 0.974 0.001 0.967 0.040
Scalar 84.429 (31) < 0.001 12.165 (8) 0.954 −0.004 0.955 0.052 72.893 (31) < 0.001 11.230 (8) 0.972 −0.002 0.973 0.044
Strict 97.831 (41) < 0.001 13.402 (10) 0.951 −0.003 0.964 0.060 86.189 (41) < 0.001 13.296 (10) 0.970 −0.002 0.978 0.044
Threshold N/A > 0.050 N/A ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.010 ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.080 N/A > 0.050 N/A ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.010 ≥ 0.900 ≤ 0.080

Note: *P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: WHO-5-C, Chinese World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index; χ2, chi-square; df, degrees of freedom; CFI, comparative fit index; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; Δ, change in χ2, df, and CFI; N/A, not applicable.