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Characterization of microrobots at the different biofunctionalization stages under static conditions. (A) ζ-potential values of GQD–MRs and dynamic biocarriers before and after DNA target interactions. (B) Emission spectra of the FAM-L probe (control, orange line) and dynamic biocarriers before (red line) and after DNA target interactions (blue line). Experimental conditions: λex = 490 nm, [FAM-L probe] = 40 nM, hybridization time: 5 min.
