Table 1.
Characteristics of studies.
| Citations’ first author, year of publication | Country | Sample size | Diagnosis/Specialty | Outcomes | Data source | Included in meta-analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aboumatar, 2019 | United Stated of America (USA) | 240 | COPD | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical record review | Y |
| Al-Hashar, 2018 | Oman | 622 | Admitted to medical wards | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Patients’ self-report | Y |
| Altfeld, 2012 | USA | 720 | Admitted for an inpatient hospitalization | Hospital Readmissions | Medicare & Medicaid claims Patients’ self-report |
Y |
| Andersen, 2000 | Denmark | 155 | Acute stroke | Hospital Readmissions | Data from the Danish Central Person Register, the City of Copenhagen Health Administration, and the Copenhagen Hospital Corporation Further details on readmission were obtained from discharge records |
Y |
| Balaban, 2015 | USA | 1510 | CHF or COPD | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical record review | N |
| Bostrom, 1996 | USA | 1413 | Patients from general surgery, neurosurgery, orthopaedic, general medicine, and urology units | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Boter, 2004 | Netherlands | 486 | First admission for a stroke (TIA or ischaemic stroke, primary intracerebral haemorrhage, or subarachnoid haemorrhage) | Hospital Readmissions | Not mentioned | Y |
| Bronstein, 2015 | USA | 89 | Patients admitted to unmentioned inpatient units | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Burns, 2014 | USA | 423 | CHF, COPD or pneumonia | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical record review | Y |
| Coleman, 2006 | USA | 750 | At least one of 11 diagnoses, including stroke, CHF, CAD, cardiac arrhythmias, COPD, DM, spinal stenosis, hip fracture, PVD, DVT, and PE | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | N |
| Collinsworth, 2018 | USA | 308 | COPD | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical record review | Y |
| Courtney, 2009 | Australia | 122 | Medical diagnosis | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | N |
| Cui, 2019 | Australia | 96 | CHF, with left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤45% | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review and Patients’ self-report | Y |
| Davis, 2012 | USA | 125 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Fors, 2018 | Sweden | 243 | COPD or CHF | Hospital Readmissions | Not mentioned | Y |
| Hanssen, 2009 | Norway | 288 | AMI | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Harrison, 2002 | Canada | 192 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical Outcome Study Short Form (SF-36) | Y |
| Henschen, 2022 | USA | 151 | Not mentioned | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical record review | Y |
| Hu, 2020 | China | 220 | Recipient of a primary allograft kidney transplantation | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Not mentioned | Y |
| Huang, 2005 | Taiwan | 126 | Hip fractures due to falling | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Kangovi, 2014 | USA | 446 | General medicine service | Hospital Readmissions | Patients’ self-report | Y |
| Kazemi Majd, 2021 | Iran | 120 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review and Patients’ self-report | Y |
| Lainscak, 2013 | Slovenia | 253 | Acute exacerbation of COPD with reduced pulmonary function | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review and Patients’ self-report | Y |
| Laramee, 2003 | USA | 234 | CHF, moderate-to-severe left ventricular dysfunction or pulmonary congestion | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Lembeck, 2019 | Denmark | 537 | Any diagnosis from the Medical, Geriatric, Emergency, Surgical or Orthopaedic departments | Hospital Readmissions | Data from the Ministry of Health | Y |
| Li, 2021 | USA | 407 | Not mentioned | Hospital Readmissions | Family care givers’ (FCG) self-report | Y |
| Liang, 2021 | Taiwan | 200 | Not mentioned | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical record review | Y |
| Lindhardt, 2019 | Denmark | 330 | Not mentioned | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Lisby, 2019 | Denmark | 200 | Medical conditions (non-surgical) | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical record review | Y |
| Lopez Cabezas, 2006 | Spain | 134 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions | Not mentioned | Y |
| Magny-Normilus, 2021 | USA | 180 | Type 2 DM on medicine or cardiology units | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Medical record review and Patients’ self-report | N |
| Naunton, 2003 | Australia | 121 | Medical units, with at least two chronic medical conditions (including at least one of CHF, ischaemic heart disease, COPD or DM) | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Naylor, 1994 | USA | 401 | Selected medical (CHF and angina/AMI) and surgical (CABG and cardiac valve replacement) diagnostic-related groups (DRG) | Hospital Readmissions | Not mentioned | Y |
| Naylor, 1999 | USA | 363 | Multiple, active, chronic health problems or history of depression | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Not mentioned | Y |
| Naylor, 2004 | USA | 239 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Patients’ medical records and bills | Y |
| Nguyen, 2018 | Vietnam | 166 | Either unstable angina or AMI | Hospital Readmissions | Patients’ self-report | Y |
| Nucifora, 2006 | Italy | 200 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Oliveira-Filho, 2014 | Brazil | 61 | CVD | Hospital Readmissions | Patients’ self-report | Y |
| Ong, 2016 | USA | 1437 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions | Hospitalization data, combined with California’s inpatient discharge data for hospitalizations at non study sites obtained from the California Department of Public Health Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. | Y |
| Pearson, 2006 | Australia | 528 | Medical or surgical unit | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Piette, Striplin, Aikens, 2016 | USA | 284 | CHF, stroke, CAD, arrhythmia, COPD, PVD, DVT, PE, pneumonia, type 2 DM, UTI, gastroenteritis, or asthma | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | N |
| Piette, Striplin, Fisher, 2020 | USA | 283 | CHF, stroke, CAD, COPD, PVD, pneumonia, type 2 DM, UTI, gastroenteritis, or asthma | Hospital Readmissions | Patients’ medical and billing records | N |
| Sales, 2013 | USA | 137 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Schneider, 1993 | USA | 54 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review | Y |
| Schnipper, 2021 | USA | 1679 | Admitted to medical and surgical services | Hospital Readmissions | Medical record review and patients’ self- report | Y |
| Shahrokhi, 2018 | Iran | 72 | Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 11–15 on discharge, hospitalized for the first time after trauma, without known UTI or respiratory infection, Grade 3 and 4 pressure ulcers, DM, and patients without thoracostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy | Hospital Readmissions | Not mentioned | Y |
| Tu, 2020 | China | 270 | Uncontrolled hypertension at admission; and diagnosis of type 2 DM | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Hospital health records, community health centre records (IG) or outpatient specialist clinics (CG) | Y |
| Van Spall, 2019 | Canada | 2494 | CHF | Hospital Readmissions and ED visits | Not mentioned | Y |
| Wu, 2019 | China | 150 | AMI | Hospital Readmissions | Patients’ self-report | Y |
| Zhao, 2009 | China | 220 | Angina or AMI | Hospital Readmissions | Patients’ self-report | Y |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; CHF, congestive heart failure; TIA, Trans-ischaemic attack; CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; UTI, urinary tract infection; CVD, cardio vascular disease.