Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the participants by screen time in this study in 2009a (n = 4,587).
| Screen time | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2 h/day | 2–3 h/day | >3 h/day | ||
| n (%) | 1,583 (34.51) | 2,025 (44.15) | 979 (21.34) | — |
| Female (%) | 900 (56.85) | 1,095 (54.07) | 491 (50.15) | <0.0001 |
| Ageb (years) | 57 (49, 66) | 56 (49, 64) | 55 (48, 64) | 0.0002 |
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Occupation (manual, %) | 737 (46.56) | 839 (41.43) | 266 (27.17) | <0.0001 |
| Occupation (retiree, %) | 729 (46.05) | 1,033 (51.01) | 550 (56.18) | <0.0001 |
| High education levelc (%) | 626 (39.54) | 999 (49.33) | 609 (62.21) | <0.0001 |
| Zone of residence (countryside, %) | 1,152 (72.77) | 1,474 (67.85) | 518 (52.91) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking (current smoking, %) | 414 (26.15) | 541 (26.71) | 313 (31.97) | 0.003 |
| Alcohol (yes, %) | 469 (29.63) | 617 (30.47) | 351 (35.85) | 0.002 |
| At least once a month | 421 (26.59) | 559 (27.60) | 298 (30.44) | 0.1 |
| Tea (yes, %) | 489 (30.89) | 774 (38.22) | 472 (48.21) | <0.0001 |
| More than 2–3 times a week (%) | 453 (28.62) | 717 (35.40) | 445 (45.45) | <0.0001 |
| Physical measurement | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.15 (20.93, 25.39) | 23.5 (21.32, 25.87) | 23.9 (21.70, 26.28) | <0.0001 |
| Overweightd (%) | 481 (30.39) | 681 (33.63) | 350 (35.75) | 0.01 |
| Obesitye (%) | 153 (9.67) | 215 (10.62) | 125 (12.77) | 0.047 |
| Hipline (cm) | 94.00 (89.00, 99.00) | 95.00 (90.00, 100.00) | 96.00 (92.00, 101.00) | <0.0001 |
| Waist (cm) | 83.00 (76.20, 90.00) | 84.00 (77.00, 90.40) | 85.00 (79.00, 92.10) | <0.0001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.93) | 0.3 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.52 (0.48, 0.57) | 0.52 (0.48, 0.56) | 0.53 (0.49,0.57) | 0.016 |
| Centripetal obesityf | 907 (57.30) | 1,134 (56.00) | 560 (57.20) | 0.7 |
| Centripetal obesityg | 1,025 (64.75) | 1,340 (66.17) | 674 (68.85) | 0.1 |
| Upper arm circumference (cm) | 27.00 (24.5, 29.00) | 27.10 (25.00, 29.60) | 28.00 (25.70, 30.00) | <0.0001 |
| Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) | 15.33 (10.00, 20.67) | 16 (10.67, 21.67) | 16.33 (11.00, 22.67) | 0.0004 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 126.67 (116.67, 140.00) | 125.33 (117.33, 139.33) | 126.00 (115, 140.00) | 0.6 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 80.00 (73.33, 89.33) | 80.67 (74.67, 89.83) | 80.33 (74.67, 90.00) | 0.6 |
| Blood index | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.83 (4.24, 5.55) | 4.96 (4.36, 5.66) | 5.08 (4.44, 5.73) | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.29 (0.87, 1.93) | 1.34 (0.90, 2.01) | 1.44 (1.00, 2.19) | <0.0001 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.42 (1.19, 1.68) | 1.39 (1.17, 1.64) | 1.38 (1.15, 1.63) | 0.006 |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 2.98 (2.34, 3.30) | 3.10 (2.53, 3.37) | 3.10 (2.56, 3.72) | <0.0001 |
| Blood glucose level (mmol/L) | 5.19 (4.8, 5.72) | 5.24 (4.80, 5.80) | 5.24 (4.80, 5.80) | <0.0001 |
| Diet information | ||||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,061.63 (1,634.43, 2,527.10) | 2,055.98 (1,662.06, 2,503.00) | 2,074.54 (1,666.57, 2,497.55) | 0.9 |
| Protein (g/day) | 60.22 (47.92, 78.31) | 62.64 (49.93, 79.17) | 65.07 (51.27, 80.59) | 0.002 |
| Fat (g/day) | 66.19 (45.51, 93.57) | 69.42 (48.64, 94.25) | 72.88 (50.69, 99.51) | 0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 283.00 (221.14, 362.14) | 278.66 (219.02, 354.85) | 267.44 (207.07, 329.01) | <0.0001 |
| Disease | ||||
| Hypertensionh (yes, %) | 611 (38.60) | 761 (37.58) | 399 (40.76) | 0.2 |
| Dyslipidemiai (yes, %) | 942 (59.51) | 1,296 (64.00) | 649 (66.29) | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillationj (yes, %) | 16 (1.01) | 26 (1.28) | 14 (1.43) | 0.6 |
| Diabetesk (yes, %) | 141 (8.91) | 205 (10.12) | 99 (10.11) | 0.4 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Sleep time (hours/day) | 8.00 (7.00, 8.00) | 8.00 (7.00, 8.00) | 8.00 (7.00, 8.00) | 0.2 |
| METl (each week) | 49.00 (0, 192.5) | 40.00 (0, 175.00) | 20.00 (0, 112.00) | <0.0001 |
Values are median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) or frequencies. Screen time was the sum of time spent on TV and computer use. Significant differences for non-normally distributed continuous variables were analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test, and categorical variables were analyzed with the chi-square test.
Age ≥40 years.
At least 12 years of school education.
Body mass index ≥24 kg/m2 (18).
Body mass index ≥28 kg/m2 (18).
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥0.85 (in female); waist-to-hip ratio ≥0.90 (in male) (23).
Waist-to-height ratio ≥0.5 (24).
Hypertension was defined as having previous history of hypertension or systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg (4).
Diagnosis of dyslipidemia: total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L, triacylglycerol ≥2.3 mmol/L, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥4.1 mmol/L, and any of the above is considered as dyslipidemia (6).
Diagnosed with atrial fibrillation by the doctor.
Diabetes was defined as measured fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or self-reported diagnosis of diabetes (5).
Total metabolic equivalent is the sum of metabolic equivalent (MET) of each physical activity above.