Table 2.
Proportion (%) of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) categories and individual DGBI in eating disorder subgroups and controls.
| DGBI | Cases | Controls | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
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| AN (n = 305) | BN (n = 188) | mED (n = 267) | HC (n = 1240) | q<0.05* | |
|
|
|
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| A. Functional esophageal disorders | 19.0 | 26.6 | 30.7 | 9.4 | HC<AN<BN/mED |
| A1. Functional heartburn§ | 9.2 | 10.1 | 11.6 | 2.7 | |
| A2. Functional chest pain of presumed esophageal origin§ | 6.2 | 7.4 | 10.5 | 2.7 | |
| A3. Functional dysphagia§ | 2.3 | 4.8 | 9.4 | 2.7 | |
| A4. Globus§ | 2.6 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 1.9 | |
| B. Functional gastroduodenal disorders | 32.1 | 41.5 | 45.7 | 7.5 | HC<AN<BN/mED |
| B1. Functional dyspepsia§ | 24.3 | 23.4 | 31.1 | 5.8 | |
| B1a. Postprandial distress syndrome | 16.7 | 10.1 | 18.0 | 1.0 | |
| B1b. Epigastric pain syndrome | - | - | ¤ | ¤ | |
| B2a/b. Aerophagia§/Unspecified excessive belching | 7.2 | 9.0 | 8.3 | 1.5 | |
| B3a. Chronic idiopathic nausea§ | 7.9 | 5.3 | 9.4 | 1.6 | |
| B3b. Functional vomiting§ | - | - | - | - | |
| B3c. Cyclic vomiting syndrome | 8.5 | 17.6 | 16.9 | ¤ | |
| B4. Rumination syndrome in adults | - | ¤ | ¤ | ¤ | |
| C. Functional bowel disorder | 85.9 | 92.6 | 92.1 | 78.8 | HC<AN<BN/mED |
| C1. Irritable bowel syndrome | 43.9 | 55.3 | 58.8 | 31.0 | |
| C2. Functional bloating | 16.4 | 21.3 | 16.1 | 19.0 | |
| C3. Functional constipation | 35.7 | 36.2 | 40.4 | 18.2 | |
| C4. Functional diarrhea | 2.0 | 3.2 | ¤ | 1.9 | |
| C5. Unspecified functional bowel disorder | 13.1 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 20.7 | |
| D. Functional abdominal pain syndrome | - | - | - | - | |
| E. Functional gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi (SO) disorders § | - | - | - | - | |
| F. Functional anorectal disorder | 16.4 | 23.4 | 27.3 | 9.0 | HC<AN<BN/mED |
| F1. Functional fecal incontinence§ | 4.6 | 4.8 | 10.1 | 1.9 | |
| F2a. Chronic proctalgia§ | 2.6 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 1.3 | |
| F2b. Proctalgia fugax | 9.8 | 15.4 | 16.5 | 6.1 | |
| F3. Functional defecation disorder§ | ¤ | 3.2 | 2.6 | 0.8 | |
| At least 1 DGBI | 88.2 | 94.7 | 95.5 | 79.8 | HC<AN<BN/mED |
| At least 3 DGBI | 34.8 | 38.8 | 48.7 | 9.1 | HC<AN/BN<mED |
HC = healthy controls, AN = anorexia nervosa, BN = bulimia nervosa, mED = multiple ED group.
§
Clinical evaluation or laboratory test are required to make the diagnosis.
¤
Less than 5, but more than 0, individuals report having this DGBI.
*
q-values (p-values corrected for multiple comparison using false discovery rate (FDR) procedure) indicate statistically significant difference between the groups at q<0.05.