Table 3.
Systematic review results of prevalence, odds ratios, and adjusted odds ratios by sexual identity on physical health diagnoses according to the Global Burden of Disease classification.
| GBD Main category |
GBD subcategory | Author(s), year of publication Health condition as indicated in reference, self-reported unless indicated otherwise |
Prev. (%) | Lesbian women OR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) |
Bisexual women OR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) |
SMW OR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular diseases |
Heart attack (GBD: ischemic heart disease)
(meta-analysis: Figure 2) |
Dai and Hao
47
*Heart attackI,a |
Het: 3.1 Les: 1.3 Bi: 1.5 |
↓ 0.41 (0.22–0.77) | ↓ 0.49 (0.31–0.77) | – |
|
Patterson and Jabson
67
*Heart attackI,a |
Het: 1.2 Les: 0 Bi: 0.5 SMW: 0.4 |
↓ | ↓ 0.37 (0.05–2.68) | ↓ 0.29 (0.04–2.09) ↓ 0.55 (0.10–2.86) |
||
|
Simenson et al.
69
Heart attackII,b |
Het: 1.9 Les: 0.4 |
↓ 0.19 (0.02–1.75) | – | – | ||
| Fredriksen-Goldsen et al. 56 *Heart attackI,a | Het: 4.3 SMW: 6.4 |
– | – | ↑ 1.51 (0.90–2.52) ↑ 2.28 (1.58–3.29) |
||
|
Hypertensive heart disease
(meta-analysis: Figure 3) |
Boehmer et al.
28
HBPI,c |
Het: 21.21 Les: 19.02 Bi: 17.57 |
↓ 0.87 (0.76–1.01) ↓ 0.99 (0.77–1.26) |
↓ 0.79 (0.69–0.91) ↑ 1.21 (0.95–1.53) |
– | |
|
Diamant et al.
50
HypertensionII,c |
Het: 17 Les: 8 Bi: 6 |
↓ 0.42 (0.15–1.16) | ↓ 0.29 (0.07–1.20) | – | ||
|
Diamant and Wold
49
HypertensionII,c |
Het: 15.1 Les: 16.3 Bi: 14.5 |
↑ 1.09 (0.48–2.47) ↑ 3.2 (0.4–2.4) |
↓ 0.95 (0.49–1.87) ↑ 3.2 (0.5–2.0) |
– | ||
|
Garland-Forshee et al.
37
*HBPI,a |
Het: 25.6 Les: 22.9 Bi: 12.4 |
↓ 0.86 (0.67–1.10) | ↓ 0.41 (0.30–0.57) | – | ||
|
Han et al.
60
*HBPI,a |
Het: 36.4 Les: 29.5 Bi: 27.2 |
↓ 0.73 (0.53–1.01) | ↓ 0.64 (0.43–0.96) | – | ||
|
McNair et al.
38
*Hypertension (during pregnancy)I,d |
Het: 3.5 Les: 0 Bi: 0 |
↓ | ↓ | – | ||
|
McNair et al.
38
*Hypertension (other than pregnancy)I,d (both types aggregated for meta-analyses) |
Het: 2.1 Les: 3.2 Bi: 1 |
↑ 1.53 (0.37–6.31) | ↓ 0.47 (0.07–3.40) | – | ||
|
Simenson et al.
69
HypertensionII,b |
Het: 28.6 Les: 29.6 |
↑ 1.05 (0.71–1.56) | – | – | ||
|
Williams et al.
73
*HypertensionI,b |
Het: 46.3 Les: 36.4 Bi: 39.5 |
↓ 0.66 (0.57–0.77) | ↓ 0.76 (0.60–0.96) | – | ||
|
Wolstein et al.
41
HypertensionI,d |
Het: 22.56 Les: 21.28 Bi: 18.75 |
↓ 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | ↓ 0.79 (0.78–0.80) | – | ||
|
Caceres et al.
31
*Hypertension, exam.I,e |
Het: 8.4 SMW: 6.8 |
– | – | ↓ 0.79 (0.38–1.62) ↑ 1.12 (0.52–2.41) |
||
|
Caceres et al.
31
Hypertension, sr.I,e |
Het: 23.8 SMW: 18.6 |
– | – | ↓ 0.73 (0.49–1.08) ↓ 0.76 (0.49–1.18) |
||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
13
*HBPI,e |
Het: 43.33 SMW: 36.02 |
– | – | ↓ 0.74 (0.54–1.00) ↓ 0.86 (0.62–1.20) |
||
|
Matthews and Lee
66
*HypertensionI,b |
Het: 33.18 SMW: 21.96 |
– | – |
↓ 0.55 (0.34–0.88)
↔ 1.00 (0.43–2.33) |
||
|
Strutz et al.
72
*HBP/hypertensionI,e |
Het: 8.6 SMW: 8.7 |
– | – | ↑ 1.01 (0.64–1.59) ↓ 0.98 (0.63–1.53) |
||
|
Cochran and Mays
9
HypertensionI,a |
Het: 14.9 Les: 12.6 Bi: 7.4 |
↓ 0.81 (0.34–1.95) ↓ 0.91 (0.35–2.34) |
↓ 0.49 (0.15–1.61) ↓ 0.88 (0.23–3.33) |
– | ||
|
Dilley et al.
53
Hypertension/HBPI,c |
Het: 22.7 Les: 14.7 Bi: 17 |
↓ 0.59 (0.42–0.82)
↔ 1.0 (0.6–1.7) |
↓ 0.70 (0.50–0.96) ↑ 1.6 (1.1–2.5) |
– | ||
|
Eliason et al.
54
*Hypertension (HBP)I,a |
Het: 20.4 SMW: 18.3 |
– | – | ↓ 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | ||
|
Hutchcraft et al.
62
HypertensionI,a |
Het: 30.2 Les: 22.6 Bi: 18.8 |
↓ 0.68 (0.46–1.01) ↓ 0.93 (0.62–1.41) |
↓ 0.54 (0.32–0.90) ↑ 1.41 (0.86–2.3) |
– | ||
|
Patterson
67
HypertensionI,a |
Het: 22.4 Les: 14 Bi: 15.7 SMW: 15.3 |
↓ 0.58 (0.28–1.17) ↓ 0.51 (0.25–1.02) |
↓ 0.64 (0.44–0.92)
↓ 0.87 (0.50–1.48) |
↓ 0.62 (0.45–0.87)
↓ 0.76 (0.50–1.18) |
||
| Other or one out of multiple cardiovascular diseases |
Blosnich et al.
43
CVD symptomsI,a |
Het: 5.8 Les: 5 Bi: 7 |
↓ 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | ↑ 1.24 (0.86–1.78) | – | |
|
Caceres et al.
31
CVD diagnosisI,e |
Het: 3.3 SMW: 2.8 |
– | – | ↓ 0.84 (0.38–1.85) ↓ 0.69 (0.29–1.66) |
||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
13
Cardiovascular diseaseI,e |
Het: 10.71 SMW: 10.51 |
– | – | ↓ 0.98 (0.73–1.31) ↑ 1.37 (1.00–1.86) |
||
|
Garland-Forshee et al.
37
Cardiovascular diseaseI,a |
Het: 6.2 Les: 4 Bi: 1.8 |
↓ 0.64 (0.37–1.09) ↔ 1.0 (0.5–1.9) |
↓ 0.29 (0.13–0.65)
↓ 0.7 (0.2–2.9) |
– | ||
|
Gonzales and Henning-Smith
58
Cardiovascular diseaseI,a |
Het: 5.2 Les: 2.8 Bi: 2.3 |
↓ 0.52 (0.39–0.70) ↓ 0.91 (0.61–1.37) |
↓ 0.43 (0.33–0.55) ↑ 1.02 (0.72–1.44) |
|||
|
Simenson et al.
69
Cardiovascular diseaseII,b |
Het: 4.7 Les: 4.1 |
↓ 0.86 (0.36–2.07) | – | – | ||
| Stroke |
Dai and Hao
47
*StrokeI,a |
Het: 3.1 Les: 3.6 Bi: 3.4 |
↑ 1.18 (0.81–1.72) | ↑ 1.10 (0.80–1.50) | – | |
|
Hutchcraft et al.
62
StrokeI,a |
Het: 2.9 Les: 2.9 Bi: 1.4 |
↓ 0.98 (0.36–2.66) ↑ 2.19 (0.94–5.09) |
↓ 0.36 (0.05–2.56) ↑ 1.16 (0.78–2.84) |
– | ||
|
Simenson et al.
69
StrokeII,b |
Het: 1.4 Les: 0.7 |
↓ 0.52 (0.09–3.15) | – | – | ||
|
Williams et al.
73
*CVA/strokeI,b |
Het: 4.9 Les: 5.5 Bi: 4.1 |
↑ 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | ↓ 0.84 (0.47–1.49) | – | ||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
56
StrokeI,a |
Het: 5.1 SMW: 6.8 |
– | – | ↑ 1.35 (0.82–2.21) ↑ 2.12 (1.57–2.87) |
||
| Chronic respiratory diseases |
Asthma
(meta-analysis: Figure 4) |
Blosnich et al.
43
*AsthmaI,a |
Het: 15.3 Les: 22.2 Bi: 26.4 |
↑ 1.59 (1.31–1.92)
↑ 1.50 (1.04–2.16) |
↑ 1.98 (1.61–2.45)
↑ 1.68 (1.07–2.63) |
– |
|
Boehmer et al.
28
AsthmaI,c |
Het: 13.67 Les: 20.78 Bi: 21.46 |
↑ 1.66 (1.45–1.90)
↑ 1.41 (1.14–1.73) |
↑ 1.73 (1.52–1.97)
↑ 1.52 (1.24–1.87) |
– | ||
|
Diamant and Wold
49
AsthmaII,c |
Het: 10 Les: 16.3 Bi: 14.5 |
↑ 1.75 (0.77–3.96) ↑ 1.7 (0.7–3.9) |
↑ 1.53 (0.77–3.01) ↑ 1.4 (0.7–2.8) |
– | ||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
55
*AsthmaI,a |
Het: 16.53 Les: 19.92 Bi: 31.88 |
↑ 1.26 (1.03–1.53)
↑ 1.23 |
↑ 2.37 (1.97–2.84)
↑ 2.17 |
– | ||
|
Gao and Mansh
57
AsthmaII,b |
Het: 13.92 Les: 24 Bi: 27.20 |
↑ 1.95 (1.59–2.39)
↑ 1.32 (1.02–1.71) |
↑ 2.31 (1.82–2.92)
↑ 1.65 (1.17–2.32) |
– | ||
|
Garland-Forshee et al.
37
*AsthmaI,a |
Het: 12.1 Les: 15.4 Bi: 25.6 |
↑ 1.31 (0.98–1.76) ↑ 1.2 (0.8–1.9) |
↑ 2.48 (1.93–3.20)
↑ 2.4 (1.5–3.6) |
– | ||
|
Gonzales and Henning-Smith
58
*AsthmaI,a |
Het: 11.6 Les: 15.5 Bi: 23.7 |
↑ 1.40 (1.22–1.59)
↑ 1.33 (1.04–1.72) |
↑ 2.37 (2.16–2.59)
↑ 1.99 (1.65–2.40) |
– | ||
|
Han et al.
60
*AsthmaI,a |
Het: 9.7 Les: 15 Bi: 13.1 |
↑ 1.65 (1.08–2.51) | ↑ 1.39 (0.82–2.36) | – | ||
|
McNair et al.
38
*AsthmaI,d |
Het: 9.8 Les: 7.9 Bi: 18 |
↓ 0.79 (0.32–1.98) | ↑ 2.02 (1.20–3.38) | – | ||
|
Patterson and Jabson
67
*AsthmaI,a |
Het: 17 Les: 43.2 Bi: 31.4 SMW: 34.1 |
↑ 3.66 (2.21–6.07)
↑ 3.19 (1.37–7.47) |
↑ 2.25 (1.68–3.01)
↑ 1.70 (1.12–2.58) |
↑ 2.52 (1.95–3.25)
↑ 1.98 (1.32–2.98) |
||
|
Wolstein et al.
41
AsthmaI,d |
Het: 15.04 Les: 22.96 Bi: 21.69 |
↑ 1.68 (1.67–1.70) | ↑ 1.56 (1.55–1.58) | – | ||
|
Matthews and Lee
66
*AsthmaI,b |
Het: 15.71 SMW: 27.69 | – | – |
↑ 1.96 (1.19–3.22)
↑ 1.94 (0.96–3.92) |
||
|
Cochran and Mays
9
AsthmaI,a |
Het: 8.6 Les: 13.1 Bi: 19.2 |
↑ 1.52 (0.63–3.67) ↑ 1.38 (0.57–3.31) |
↑ 2.40 (1.03–5.60)
↑ 2.00 (0.85–4.70) |
– | ||
|
Dilley et al.
53
AsthmaI,c |
Het: 11.2 Les: 17.7 Bi: 21 |
↑ 1.71 (1.38–2.12)
↑ 1.7 (1.3–2.3) |
↑ 2.10 (1.71–2.58)
↑ 2.0 (1.5–2.6) |
– | ||
| Eliason et al. 54 *Adult AsthmaI,a | Het: 14 SMW: 22 |
– | – | ↑ 1.73 (1.58–1.90) | ||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
13
AsthmaI,e |
Het: 15.89 SMW: 20.57 |
– | – |
↑ 1.37 (1.10–1.70)
↑ 1.20 (0.96–1.49) |
||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
56
*AsthmaI,e |
Het: 13.7 SMW: 18 |
– | – | ↑ 1.37 (0.99–1.90) ↑ 1.28 (1.12–1.53) |
||
|
Hutchcraft et al.
62
AsthmaI,a |
Het: 14.4 Les: 21.6 Bi: 24.7 |
↑ 1.61 (1.07–2.41)
↑ 1.45 (0.89–2.37) |
↑ 1.90 (1.18–3.04)
↑ 1.40 (0.74–2.66) |
– | ||
|
Kim and Fredriksen-Goldsen
63
AsthmaI,a |
Het: 12.02 Les: 45.6 Bi: 27.9 |
↑ 6.32 (3.40–11.75) | ↑ 2.89 (1.64–5.11) | – | ||
| COPD |
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
56
COPDI,a |
Het: 6 SMW: 5.2 |
– | – | ↓ 0.85 (0.49–1.49) ↑ 1.08 (0.83–1.41 ) |
|
|
Hutchcraft et al.
62
COPDI,a |
Het: 3.3 Les: 2.7 Bi: 2 |
↓ 0.86 (0.32–2.33) ↑ 1.98 (1.09–3.56) |
↓ 0.63 (0.15–2.57) ↑ 1.44 (0.64–3.25) |
– | ||
|
Simenson et al.
69
COPDII,b |
Het: 3.8 Les: 2.6 |
↓ 0.68 (0.24–1.91) | – | – | ||
|
Williams et al.
73
COPDI,b |
Het: 5.6 Les: 5.5 Bi: 5.8 |
↓ 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | ↑ 1.04 (0.64–1.70) | – | ||
| Other or one out of multiple chronic respiratory diseases |
Diamant and Wold
49
Chronic respiratory con.II,c |
Het: 4.6 Les: 4.7 Bi: 8.7 |
↑ 1.01 (0.24–4.22) ↓ 0.8 (0.2–3.5) |
↑ 1.98 (0.84–4.62) ↑ 1.6 (0.7–3.9) |
– | |
|
Gonzales and Henning-Smith
58
COPD (and others)I,a |
Het: 7.5 Les: 8.1 Bi: 8.6 |
↑ 1.09 (0.91–1.29) ↑ 1.54 (1.11–2.16) |
↑ 1.16 (1.02–1.33)
↑ 1.83 (1.40–2.39) |
– | ||
|
Han et al.
60
Bronchitis/COPDI,a |
Het: 8.9 Les: 15.6 Bi: 12 |
↑ 1.89 (1.25–2.87) | ↑ 1.42 (0.83–2.45) | – | ||
|
Patterson and Jabson
67
Chronic bronchitisI,a |
Het: 6.6 Les: 18 Bi: 8.2 SMW: 10.4 |
↑ 2.99 (1.55–5.80)
↑ 2.64 (1.21–5.72) |
↑ 1.31 (0.80–2.12) ↑ 1.05 (0.60–1.81) |
↑ 1.65 (1.11–2.45)
↑ 1.38 (0.92–2.06) |
||
|
Strutz et al.
72
Asthma/chronic bronchitis/emphysemaI,e |
Het: 16.5 SMW: 24.5 |
– | – |
↑ 1.64 (1.17–2.31)
↑ 1.54 (1.10–2.16) |
||
| Diabetes and chronic kidney diseases | Chronic kidney diseases |
Dai and Hao
47
*Kidney diseaseI,a |
Het: 3 Les: 1.8 Bi: 2.9 |
↓ 0.60 (0.35–1.02) | ↓ 0.97 (0.69–1.35) | – |
|
Diamant et al.
50
Kidney diseaseII,c |
Het: 1 Les: 2 Bi: 3 |
↑ 1.98 (0.27–14.67) | ↑ 2.83 (0.38–21.13) | – | ||
|
Han et al.
60
*Kidney diseaseI,a |
Het: 3.5 Les: 3.1 Bi: 3.7 |
↓ 0.82 (0.34–2.01) | ↑ 1.17 (0.48–2.87) | – | ||
|
Diabetes
(meta-analysis: Figure 5) |
Blosnich et al.
43
*DiabetesI,a |
Het: 10.2 Les: 6.8 Bi: 6.1 |
↓ 0.65 (0.47–0.88) |
↓ 0.58 (0.40–0.86)
↓ 0.75 (0.44–1.29) |
– | |
|
Clark et al.
46
*Diabetes, exam./sr./medI,b |
Het: 6 Les: 1.9 Bi: 6.8 |
↓ 0.59 (0.19–1.90) | ↑ 1.14 (0.63–2.07) | – | ||
|
Diamant et al.
50
DiabetesII,c |
Het: 6 Les: 2 Bi: 14 |
↓ 0.31 (0.04–2.27) | ↑ 2.52 (0.97–6.54) | – | ||
| Diamant and Wold 49 DiabetesII,c | Het: 5.2 Les: 11.6 Bi: 4.4 |
↑ 2.40 (0.94–6.16) ↑ 2.4 (0.9–6.6) |
↓ 0.83 (0.26–2.66) ↑ 3.2 (0.3–3.2) |
– | ||
|
Dilley et al.
53
*Diabetes (ex. Pred. and GD)I,c |
Het: 6.3 Les: 5.1 Bi: 5.8 |
↓ 0.80 (0.55–1.15) ↑ 1.3 (0.8–2.0) |
↓ 0.93 (0.65–1.32) ↑ 1.8 (1.1–2.8) |
– | ||
|
Garland-Forshee et al.
37
*DiabetesI,a |
Het: 6.5 Les: 10.8 Bi: 2.4 |
↑ 1.72 (1.22–2.42)
↑ 2.2 (0.6–7.8) |
↓ 0.37 (0.18–0.74)
↓ 0.8 (0.4–1.6) |
– | ||
|
Han et al.
60
*DiabetesI,a |
Het: 16.9 Les: 18.2 Bi: 10.9 |
↑ 1.07 (0.73–1.59) | ↓ 0.58 (0.33–1.03) | – | ||
|
Lew et al.
64
*DiabetesI,a |
Het: 10.3 Les: 7.8 Bi: 6.3 |
↓ 0.74 (0.60–0.90)
↓ 0.97 (0.67–1.41) |
↓ 0.59 (0.49–0.71)
↓ 0.81 (0.60–1.08) |
– | ||
|
McNair et al.
38
*Diabetes (type 1)I,d |
Het: 0.3 Les: 0 Bi: 1 |
↓ | ↑ 3.08 (0.41–22.94) | – | ||
|
McNair et al.
38
*Diabetes (type 2)I,d (type 1 and 2 aggregated for meta-analyses) |
Het: 0.3 Les: 1.6 Bi: 1 |
↑ 4.74 (0.63–35.42) | ↑ 2.97 (0.40–22.05) | – | ||
|
Simenson et al.
69
DiabetesII,b |
Het: 8.5 Les: 9.3 |
↑ 1.11 (0.59–2.08) | – | – | ||
|
Williams et al.
73
*DiabetesI,b |
Het: 16.7 Les: 15.2 Bi: 14.8 |
↓ 0.90 (0.73–1.10) | ↓ 0.87 (0.63–1.20) | – | ||
|
Caceres et al.
31
*Diabetes, exam.I,e |
Het: 4.1 SMW: 2.7 |
– | – | ↓ 0.64 (0.28–1.50) ↓ 0.90 (0.35–2.31) |
||
|
Caceres et al.
31
Diabetes, sr.I,e |
Het: 5.3 SMW: 6.5 |
– | – | ↑ 1.25 (0.68–2.28) ↑ 1.82 (0.89–3.72) |
||
|
Eliason et al.
54
*Diabetes (type 1 or 2)I,a |
Het: 4.9 SMW: 2.9 |
– | – | ↓ 0.59 (0.48–0.74) | ||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
56
DiabetesI,a |
Het: 15.9 SMW: 10.6 |
– | – |
↓ 0.63 (0.43–0.95)
↓ 0.77 (0.63–0.96) |
||
|
Matthews and Lee
66
*DiabetesI,b |
Het: 11.33 SMW: 4.3 |
– | – |
↓ 0.40 (0.16–0.99)
↓ 0.55 (0.17–1.82) |
||
|
Beach et al.
42
Diabetes (ex. Pred. and GD)I,e |
Het: 10.2 Les: 8.5 Bi: 5.7 |
↓ 0.82 (0.63–1.05) ↑ 1.22 (0.76–1.95) |
↓ 0.53 (0.42–0.68)
↓ 0.88 (0.62–1.26) |
– | ||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
13
Diabetes (ex. Pred. andGD)I,e |
Het: 11.87 SMW: 13.59 |
– | – | ↑ 1.17 (0.91–1.51) ↑ 1.25 (0.96–1.64) |
||
|
Boehmer et al.
28
DiabetesI,c |
Het: 5.71 Les: 4.58 Bi: 4.25 |
↓ 0.79 (0.61–1.03) ↑ 1.07 (0.76–1.50) |
↓ 0.73 (0.56–0.95) ↑ 1.10 (0.79–1.55) |
– | ||
|
Cochran and Mays
9
DiabetesI,a |
Het: 6.9 Les: 2.2 Bi: 1.3 |
↓ 0.29 (0.04–2.11) ↓ 0.41 (0.06–2.95) |
↓ 0.36 (0.05–2.70) ↓ 0.27 (0.02–4.80) |
– | ||
|
Hutchcraft et al.
62
DiabetesI,a |
Het: 9.3 Les: 8.7 Bi: 6.8 |
↓ 0.91 (0.50–1.65) ↓ 0.97 (0.47–2.00) |
↓ 0.66 (0.29–1.51) ↓ 0.73 (0.30–1.74) |
– | ||
|
Patterson and Jabson
67
DiabetesI,a |
Het: 5.9 Les: 3.9 Bi: 3.9 SMW: 3.9 |
↓ 0.52 (0.13–2.15) ↓ 0.79 (0.21–2.91) |
↓ 0.66 (0.34–1.31) ↑ 1.04 (0.45–2.40) |
↓ 0.63 (0.34–1.17) ↓ 0.97 (0.50–1.89) |
||
| Digestive diseases | Cirrhosis |
Han et al.
60
CirrhosisI,a |
Het: 0.4 Les: 0 Bi: 2 |
↓ | ↑ 4.10 (0.99–17.01) | – |
| Maternal and neonatal disorders | Maternal disorders | Dibble et al. 51 Miscarriage (in ever pregnant women)II,b | Het: 24.10 Les: 21.36 |
↓ 0.86 (0.50–1.48) | – | – |
| Dibble et al. 52 Miscarriage (in ever pregnant women)II,b | Het: 78.07 Les: 73.91 |
↓ 0.80 (0.53–1.20) | – | – | ||
| Musculoskeletal disorders | Arthritis (GBD: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, gout) |
Cochran and Mays
9
ArthritisI,a |
Het: 21.4 Les: 33.5 Bi: 17.7 |
↑ 1.84 (0.99–3.41) ↑ 2.02 (1.00–4.08) |
↓ 0.83 (0.36–1.91) ↑ 1.40 (0.55–3.60) |
– |
|
Boehmer et al.
28
*ArthritisI,c |
Het: 18.1 Les: 25.2 Bi: 17.64 |
↑ 1.53 (1.34–1.73)
↑ 1.46 (1.05–2.03) |
↓ 0.97 (0.84–1.11) ↑ 1.45 (1.09–1.93) |
– | ||
|
Garland-Forshee et al.
37
*ArthritisI,a |
Het: 31.4 Les: 42.9 Bi: 21.4 |
↑ 1.64 (1.33–2.04)
↑ 2.0 (1.2–3.3) |
↓ 0.59 (0.46–0.78)
↑ 1.4 (0.8–2.6) |
– | ||
|
Diamant and Wold
49
ArthritisII,c |
Het: 14.7 Les: 23.3 Bi: 10.1 |
↑ 1.76 (0.86–3.59) ↑ 1.7 (0.8–3.7) |
↓ 0.66 (0.30–1.44) ↓ 0.6 (0.3–1.4) |
– | ||
|
Diamant et al.
50
ArthritisII,c |
Het: 21 Les: 31 Bi: 17 |
↑ 1.72 (0.95–3.12) | ↓ 0.75 (0.31–1.81) | – | ||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
55
Arthritis (several forms)I,a |
Het: 30.72 Les: 33.67 Bi: 22.57 |
↑ 1.15 (0.97–1.35) ↑ 1.55 |
↓ 0.66 (0.54–0.81)
↑ 1.54 |
– | ||
|
Gonzales and Henning-Smith
58
*Arthritis (several forms)I,a |
Het: 31 Les: 29.5 Bi: 20.8 |
↓ 0.93 (0.84–1.03) ↑ 1.58 (1.30–1.91) |
↓ 0.59 (0.53–0.64) ↑ 1.49 (1.24–1.80) |
– | ||
|
Kim and Fredriksen-Goldsen
63
ArthritisI,a |
Het: 12.44 Les: 29.36 Bi: 36.74 |
↑ 2.91 (1.48–5.74) | ↑ 4.07 (2.39–6.93) | – | ||
|
Patterson and Jabson
67
*ArthritisI,a |
Het: 19 Les: 28.5 Bi: 19.3 SMW: 21.4 |
↑ 1.70 (0.98–2.96) ↑ 1.88 (0.93–3.82) |
↑ 1.01 (0.72–1.42) ↑ 1.76 (1.00–3.07) |
↑ 1.17 (0.87–1.56) ↑ 1.79 (1.12–2.86) |
||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
13
*ArthritisI,e |
Het: 52.24 SMW: 53.7 |
– | – | ↑ 1.06 (0.83–1.36) ↑ 1.29 (0.99–1.67) |
||
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
56
*ArthritisI,a |
Het: 44.7 SMW: 50.3 |
– | – | ↑ 1.26 (0.98–1.61) ↑ 1.57 (1.32–1.88) |
||
|
Back pain (GBD: low back pain and neck pain)
(meta-analysis: Figure 6) |
Cochran and Mays
9
*Back problemsI,a |
Het: 14.4 Les: 23.3 Bi: 26.5 |
↑ 1.77 (0.88–3.55) ↑ 1.66 (0.80–3.43) |
↑ 2.13 (1.01–4.47)
↑ 2.39 (1.10–5.20) |
– | |
|
Fredriksen-Goldsen et al.
56
*Low back pain/neck painI,a |
Het: 39.8 SMW: 53 |
– | – |
↑ 1.72 (1.34–2.20)
↑ 1.78 (1.46–2.17) |
||
| Neoplasms |
All kinds of cancer (aggregated)
(meta-analysis: Figure 7) |
Boehmer et al.
28
*Adult cancerI,c |
Het: 8.04 Les: 9.06 Bi: 6.56 |
↔ 1.00 (0.82–1.23) ↑ 1.09 (0.81–1.47) |
↓ 0.80 (0.65–1.00) ↑ 1.14 (0.80–1.61) |
– |
|
Gonzales and Zinone
59
*CancerI,e |
Het: 9.6 Les: 8.9 Bi: 7.2 |
↓ 0.93 (0.72–1.19) ↑ 1.18 (0.90–1.55) |
↓ 0.74 (0.52–1.04) ↑ 1.70 (1.16–2.48) |
– | ||
|
Han et al.
60
*CancerI,a |
Het: 12.5 Les: 13.2 Bi: 13.9 |
↑ 1.07 (0.69–1.67) | ↑ 1.12 (0.67–1.88) | – | ||
|
McNair et al.
38
*CancerI,d |
Het: 1.1 Les: 3.2 Bi: 1 |
↑ 3.07 (0.74–12.78) | ↓ 0.95 (0.13–6.87) | – | ||
|
Patterson and Jabson
67
*CancerI,a |
Het: 7.2 Les: 2.9 Bi: 5.6 SMW: 5 |
↓ 0.42 (0.10–1.73) ↓ 0.34 (0.09–1.29) |
↓ 0.79 (0.45–1.40) ↑ 1.08 (0.53–2.19) |
↓ 0.66 (0.38–1.14) ↓ 0.84 (0.42–1.67) |
||
|
Saunders et al.
68
*Cancer (5 years)I,b |
Het: 3.63 Les: 2.75 Bi: 1.79 SMW: 2.34 |
↓ 0.75 (0.60–0.95) | ↓ 0.48 (0.35–0.67) |
↓ 0.64 (0.53–0.77)
↑ 1.14 (0.94–1.37) |
||
|
Simenson et al.
69
CancerII,b |
Het: 11.7 Les: 14.1 |
↑ 1.23 (0.72–2.11) | – | – | ||
|
Singer et al.
70
*Cancer (ex. Skin C.)I,c |
Het: 8.6 Les: 7.6 Bi: 5.1 |
↓ 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | ↓ 0.57 (0.52–0.63) | – | ||
|
Singer et al.
70
Skin cancer d.III,e |
Het: 6.7 Les: 6.1 Bi: 4.6 |
↓ 0.68 (0.53–0.87)
↑ 1.01 (0.77–1.33) |
↓ 0.28 (0.23–0.35)
↓ 0.75 (0.60–0.95) |
– | ||
|
Zaritsky and Dibble
74
Breast cancerII,b |
Het: 14.6 Les: 29.3 |
↑ 2.41 (0.81–7.23) | – | – | ||
|
Brown et al.
45
*Cancer diagnosis (3 years)I,e |
Het: 30.7 SMW: 34.7 |
– | – | ↑ 1.20 (0.92–1.56) | ||
|
Boehmer et al.
44
Cancer (any kind)I,b |
Het: 7.71 Les: 8.59 Bi: 6.04 |
↔ 1.00 (0.81–1.24) ↑ 1.07 (0.79–1.44) |
↓ 0.67 (0.53–0.84)
↑ 1.11 (0.78–1.57) |
– | ||
|
Cochran and Mays
9
Cancer diagnosis (3 years)I,e |
Het: 2.0 Les: 1.9 Bi: 0 |
↑ 1.05 (0.14–7.98) ↓ 0.76 (0.09–6.48) |
↓ | – | ||
|
Diamant et al.
50
CancerII,c |
Het: 1 Les: 0 Bi: 0 |
↓ | ↓ | – | ||
|
Gonzales and Henning-Smith
58
CancerI,a |
Het: 12.9 Les: 10.4 Bi: 7 |
↓ 0.79 (0.67–0.92) ↑ 1.12 (0.87–1.43) |
↓ 0.51 (0.44–0.59) ↑ 1.25 (0.98–1.59) |
– | ||
|
Mansh et al.
65
All skin cancers (CHIS) III |
Het: 2.6 SMW: 2.3 |
– | – | ↓ 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | ||
|
Mansh et al.
65
All skin cancers (NHIS) III |
Het: 3.1 SMW: 1.6 |
– | – | ↓ 0.53 (0.14–2.03) | ||
|
Williams et al.
73
Breast cancerI,b |
Het: 5 Les: 5.5 Bi: 3.4 |
↑ 1.11 (0.81–1.53) | ↓ 0.68 (0.36–1.27) | – | ||
| Neurological disorders |
Headache disorders
(meta-analysis: Figure 8) |
Heslin
61
Severe headaches/migraines III |
Het: 19.8 SMW: 23.3 |
– | – | ↑ 1.23 (1.12–1.35) |
|
Strutz et al.
72
*Migraine headachesI,e |
Het: 19.8 SMW: 28.4 |
– | – |
↑ 1.61 (1.16–2.24)
↑ 1.53 (1.11–2.11) |
||
|
Cochran and Mays
9
*Migraines or headachesI,a |
Het: 19.1 Les: 18.4 Bi: 26.4 |
↓ 0.98 (0.47–2.05) ↑ 1.22 (0.57–2.62) |
↑ 1.51 (0.72–3.17) ↑ 1.75 (0.82–3.74) |
– | ||
| Nutritional deficiencies | Dietary iron deficiency |
McNair et al.
38
Low ironI,d |
Het: 15.4 Les: 12.7 Bi: 21 |
↓ 0.80 (0.38–1.69) | ↑ 1.46 (0.90–2.38) | – |
| Other infectious diseases |
(Acute) Hepatitis
(meta-analysis: Figure 9) |
Han et al.
60
*Hepatitis B/CI,a |
Het: 1.4 Les: 2.3 Bi: 4.9 |
↑ 1.67 (0.61–4.54) | ↑ 3.61 (1.57–8.30) | – |
|
McNair et al.
38
*Hepatitis B/CI,d |
Het: 0.2 Les: 0 Bi: 4 |
↓ | ↑ 20.68 (6.79–63.02) | – | ||
|
Operario et al.
36
*Hepatitis C antibody, exam.I,a |
Het: 1.2 SMW: 4.6 |
– | – |
↑ 3.91 (2.27–6.74)
↑ 2.99 (1.33–6.73) |
||
| Other non-communicable diseases | Gynecological diseases |
Agrawal et al.
26
PCOS, exam.II,c |
Het: 14 Les: 38 |
↑ 3.79 (2.57–5.60) | – | – |
|
Agrawal et al.
26
FibroidsII,c |
Het: 6.8 Les: 5.6 |
↓ 0.79 (0.40–1.55) | – | – | ||
|
Agrawal et al.
26
EndometriosisII,c |
Het: 3.39 Les: 3.65 |
↑ 1.08 (0.45–2.60) | – | – | ||
|
McNair et al.
38
EndometriosisI,d |
Het: 3.4 Les: 1.6 Bi: 2 |
↓ 0.46 (0.06–3.35) | ↓ 0.59 (0.14–2.39) | – | ||
|
DeSutter et al.
48
PCOS, exam.II,b |
Het: 8.7 Les: 8 |
↓ 0.91 (0.41–2.04) | – | – | ||
|
Smith et al.
71
PCOS, exam.I,b |
Het: 4.1 Les: 7.9 |
↑ 1.99 (0.59–6.69) | – | – | ||
| Oral disorders |
Schwartz et al.
39
PeriodontitisII,d |
Het: 28.88 Les: 47.37 Bi: 37.72 |
↑ 2.22 (1.17–4.21) | ↑ 1.49 (1.01–2.20) | – | |
| Urinary diseases |
McNair et al.
38
Urinary tract infectionsI,d |
Het: 17.7 Les: 7.9 Bi: 28 |
↓ 0.40 (0.16–1.00) | ↑ 1.81 (1.16–2.81) | – | |
| Skin and subcutaneous diseases | Acne vulgaris |
Agrawal et al.
26
AcneII,c |
Het: 9.8 Les: 30 |
↑ 3.89 (2.51–6.02) | – | – |
GBD: Global Burden of Disease; Prev.: prevalence; OR: odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; Het: heterosexual-identified women; Les: lesbian-identified women; Bi: bisexual-identified women; SMW: sexual minority women (bisexual- and lesbian-identified women aggregated); CVD: cardiovascular disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Pred.: prediabetes; CHIS: California Health Interview; NHIS: National Health Interview Survey; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; exam.: examinated; BFRSS: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; HANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
OR copied from article.
OR calculated from absolute numbers copied from article.
OR calculated from received primary data (author-request).
OR calculated from weighted percentages.
OR calculated from unweighted percentages.
Weighted percentage.
Unweighted percentage.
Age-standardized percentage.
Included in meta-analysis.
Significant differences (ORs, AORs) in bold letters. Hypertensive heart diseases: partial overlaps in: CHIS: Boehmer et al., 28 years: 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, Cochran and Mays, 9 years: 2004, 2005, Eliason et al., 54 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011–2012, and Wolstein et al., 41 years: 2011–2014; NHANES: Caceres et al., 31 years: 2001–2012 and Patterson and Jabson, 67 years: 2009–2014; NHIS: Hutchcraft et al., 62 years: 2013–2018 (subsample of breast cancer patients), and Williams et al., 73 years: 13–17; W.-BRFSS: Dilley et al., 53 years: 2003–2006 and Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 13 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010; meta-analysis on hypertension: ORs included in meta-analysis with minor deviations due to calculation from reported percentages of original papers in the following cases: Caceres et al., 31 Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 13 and Strutz et al. 72
Other or one out of multiple cardiovascular diseases: partial overlaps in: BFRSS: Blosnich et al., 43 years: 2010 & W.-BFRSS: Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 13 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010.
Stroke: partial overlaps in: NHIS: Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 56 years: 2013–2014, Hutchcraft et al., 62 years: 2013–2018 (subsample of breast cancer patients), and Williams et al., 73 years: 2013–2017.
Asthma: partial overlaps in: BRFSS: Blosnich et al., 43 years: 10 and W.-BRFSS: Dilley et al., 53 years: 2003–2006, Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 55 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 13 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010 and Kim & Fredriksen-Goldsen, 63 years: 2003–2009 (Hispanic women only); CHIS: Boehmer et al., 28 years: 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, Cochran and Mays, 9 years: 2004, 2005, Eliason et al., 54 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011–2012, and Wolstein et al., 41 years: 2011–2014; NHIS: Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 56 years: 2013, 2014 (weighted), Gao and Mansh, 57 years: 2013, 2014 (unweighted), and Hutchcraft et al., 62 years: 2013–2018 (subsample of breast cancer patients).
COPD: partial overlaps in NHIS: Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 56 years: 2013, 2014, Hutchcraft et al., 62 years: 2013–2018 (subsample of breast cancer patients), and Williams et al., 73 2013–2017.
Diabetes: partial overlaps in: BRFSS: Beach et al., 42 years: 14 and Lew et al., 64 years: 2014, 2015, Blosnich et al., 43 years: 2010 and W.-BRFSS: Dilley et al., 53 years: 2003–2006 and Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 13 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010; CHIS: Boehmer et al., 28 years: 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, Cochran & Mays, 9 years: 2004, 2005 and Eliason et al., 54 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011–2012; NHANES: Caceres et al., 31 years: 2001–2012 and Patterson and Jabson, 67 years: 2009–2014; NHIS: Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 56 years: 2013, 2014, Hutchcraft et al., 62 years: 2013–2018 (subsample of breast cancer patients) and Williams et al., 73 years: 2013–2017; meta-analysis on Diabetes: ORs included in meta-analysis with minor deviations due to calculation from reported percentages of original papers in the following case: Caceres et al. 31
Arthritis: partial overlaps in: CHIS: Boehmer et al., 28 years: 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and Cochran and Mays, 9 years: 2004, 2005 W.-BFRSS: Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 55 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 13 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 (⩾50 years of age only), and Kim and Fredriksen-Goldsen, 63 years: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 (Hispanic women only).
Neoplasms: partial overlaps (all kinds of cancer) in: BRFSS: Gonzales and Henning-Smith, 58 years: 2014–2015 and Singer et al., 70 years: 14–18; CHIS: Boehmer et al., 44 years: 2001, 2003, 2005, Boehmer et al., 28 years: 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, Cochran and Mays, 9 years: 2004, 2005, and Mansh et al., 65 years: 2001–2005; NHIS: Gonzales & Zinone, 59 years: 2013–2016, Mansh et al., 65 years: 13, and Williams et al., 73 years: 13–17; meta-analysis on Neoplasms: ORs included in meta-analysis with minor deviations due to calculation from reported percentages of original papers in the following case: Gonzales and Zinone. 59