TABLE 1.

Signal pathway of natural food active components in anti-exercise fatigue.

Mechanism of action	Ingredients	Signaling pathways
Regulation of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, mitochondrial energy metabolism in hepatocytes	Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide	Nrf2/ARE,AMPK/PGC-1α
Anti-oxidation	β-glucan (Salecan)	Nrf2/HO-1/Trx
Anti-oxidative nerve damage	Cordyceps acidi polysaccharide	PI3K/NRF2/HO-1
Regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, antioxidant	Anwulignan	AMPK/PGC-1α, Nrf2/ARE
Improves energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity of skeletal muscle	Arctigenin	AMPK/PGC-1α/PPARα, AMPK/p53/Nrf2
Improves oxidative stress and energy metabolism in the body	Curcumin	PI3K/Akt/AMPK/mTOR, Nrf2/ARE
Reduction of oxidative stress damage	Phlorizin	Nrf2/ARE
	Luteolin-6-C-Neohesperidoside	Nrf2/ARE
	Gastrodin
	Sulforaphane
	Astaxanthin
	Trilobati	Nrf2/ARE/Iron Death
	Embryo chicken egg extract	AMPK/mTOR
Mediates protein synthesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy	Fermented soybean protein peptides	pAMPK/PGC-1αPI3K/Akt/mTOR
Improves damaged myocardial function, antioxidants and inflammation	hypericin	BDNF/TrkB, AMPK/p53/Nrf, NF-κB
Promotes slow muscle fiber expression and mitochondrial function	Porcine Whole Blood Protein Hydrolysate	AMPK/SIRT1
Promotes slow muscle fiber production	Urocortin 2	ERK1/2
Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis	Hydrogen water	Pparγ/Pgc-1α/Tfam