Table 4:
Population-based studies of the association of n Thoracic Aortic Calcium and Cardiovascular Outcomes
| Study [ref] | Country, Year of Publication | Population (% men, mean age) | Follow-up (years) | Outcome (number of events) | Measurement | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | Race/ethnicity & comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MESA151 | USA 2015 | 5,903 (47%, 6y2) | 10.3 | CHD events (348) CHD mortality (65) |
Presence as part of extra-coronary calcium score; no aortic arch | 2.04 (1.5, 2.7) 2.66 (1.3, 5.7) |
41.4% White, 11.8% Chinese American, 25.9% African American, 20.8% Hispanic Nondiabetics |
| HNR152 | Germany 2016 | 3,630 (46%, 59y) |
9.9 | CV events (241) | Presence; no aortic arch | 1.30 (0.95, 1.8) | NR |
| San Diego73 | USA 2011 | 4,5y44 (57%, 57y) | 7.8 | CV events (40) |
Presence; with aortic arch | 3.01 (0.8, 10.9) |
NR |
| MESA84 | USA 2011 | 6,807 (47%, 62y) | 4.5 | CHD events (132) All CHD (232) |
Agatston; no aortic arch | Women: 2.42 (1.03, 5.6); Men: 1.34 (0.8, 2.2) Women: 3.04 (1.6, 5.8); Men: 1.26 (0.9, 1.8) |
38.2% White, 11.8% Chinese American, 27.9% African American, 22% Hispanic |
| FHS64 | USA 2016 | 3,486 (49%, 50y) | 8 | CHD events (59) CV events (107) |
Agatston; no aortic arch | 1.40 (1.1, 1.8) 1.18 (0.98, 1. |
NR |
| EISNER86 | USA 2009 | 2,303 (62%, 56y) | 4.4 | CHD events (16) All CHD (41) CV events (47) |
Agatston; no aortic arch | 1.20 (0.99, 1.4) 1.20 (1.04, 1.3) 1.1 (1.02, 1.3) |
NR |
| MESA153 | USA 2017 | 3,415 (37%, 56y) | 11.3 | CHD events (74) CV events (137) |
Agatston; no aortic arch | 0.94 (0.8, 1.1) 1.04 (0.9, 1.2) |
33% White, 11.7% Chinese American, 31.4% African American, 24% Hispanic No baseline CAC |
| CAC Consortium75 | USA 2021 | 30,630 (64%, 55y) | 11.2 | CV events (345) |
Agatston tertiles; no aortic arch | 4.23 (3.11, 5.76)^ | NR |
| NLST154 | USA 2019 | 5,718 (62%, 62y) | 2.7 | CV events (663) |
Agatston categories (highest level shown); with aortic arch | Men: 2.47 (1.75, 3.49) Women: 1.85 (1.05, 3.26) |
91% White, 4.3% Black, 4.4% Other All participants had ≥ 30 pack-years and were active smokers Nested case-control study |
| San Diego73 | USA 2011 | 4,544 (57%, 57y) | 7.8 | CVD (40) |
Volume; entire aorta | 1.45 (0.9, 2.3) | NR |
| Rotterdam82 | Netherlands 2015 | 2,408 (48%, 70y) |
8 | CVD (84) |
Agatston quartiles; only the aortic arch | 12.73 (1.6, 99.5) | NR |
TAC indicates thoracic aortic calcification; NR, not reported (race/ethnicity); MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; USA, United States of America; CHD, coronary heart disease; CV, cardiovascular disease; CVE, cardiovascular disease events; HNR, Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study; FHS, Framingham Heart Study; EISNER, Early Identification of Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Non-invasive Imaging Research; CAC, coronary artery calcification; NSLT, National Lung Screening Trial; CT, computed tomography.
*
All adjusted hazard ratios presented were adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
^
the hazard ratio was also adjusted for CAC score.