. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2023 Nov 21;44(1):24–47. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.320138

Table 5:

Population-based studies on the association of Abdominal Aortic Calcification and Cardiovascular and Mortality Outcomes

Study [ref]	Country Year of Publication	Population (% men, mean age)	Follow-up (years)	Outcomes (events)	Measurement	Adjusted HR (95% CI)*	Ethnicity and/or other comments
FHS⁶⁴	USA 2016	3,486 (49%, 50y)	8	CHD events (59) CV events (107)	Agatston (L1-L4)	1.95 (1.3, 3.0) 1.50 (1.1, 2.05)	NR
MESA⁸⁹	USA 2014	1,974 (50%, 65y)	5.5	CHD events (50) CV events (83) CVD (30)	Agatston percentiles (L2-L5)	4.06 (1.8, 7.8) 4.00 (1.9, 5.5) 7.83 (2.2, 28.3)	40.2% Non-Hispanic White, 25.7% Hispanic, 20.9% African-American, 13.2% Chinese
CARDIA ⁷⁹	USA 2021	3,011 (44.9%, 50y)	8	CHD events (55) CV events (106)	Agatston	1.49 (1.13, 1.98) 1.45 (1.18, 1.77)	50% Black, 50% White
San Diego⁷³	USA 2011	4,544 (57%, 57y)	7.8	CVD (40)	Volume (L1-L4)	1.62 (0.9, 3.0)	NR
MESA ¹⁵⁵	USA 2016	997 (52%, 66y)	9	CHD events (77) CV events (118)	Volume	1.10 (0.95,1.3)^ 1.14 (1.00,1.32)^	47% European, 24% Hispanic, 16% African, 13% Chinese

AAC indicates abdominal aortic calcification; NR, not reported (race/ethnicity); CHD, coronary heart disease; CV, cardiovascular; FHS, Framingham Heart Study; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; CARDIA, The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.