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. 2023 Dec 20;12(2):e653. doi: 10.21106/ijma.653

Table 1.

Age-Sex- and Covariate-Adjusted Mortality Risks (Derived from Cox Regression Models) for Renters Relative to Homeowners Aged ≥20 Years and for Children and Youth, by Major Causes of Death: The US National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979-2011, 11-Year Mortality Follow-up (N=1,313,627)

Cause of death Both sexes combined1 Male2 Female2 Both sexes combined3
Age-Adjusted Age-Adjusted Age-Adjusted Covariate-Adjusted
Hazard ratio 95% confidence Interval Hazard ratio 95% confidence Interval Hazard ratio 95% confidence Interval Hazard ratio 95% confidence Interval
All causes combined 1.28 1.27 1.30 1.31 1.29 1.33 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.13 1.12 1.14
 Non-Hispanic White 1.30 1.29 1.32 1.35 1.33 1.38 1.25 1.23 1.28 1.15 1.13 1.16
 Non-Hispanic Black 1.26 1.22 1.30 1.26 1.20 1.32 1.26 1.20 1.32 1.08 1.04 1.12
 Non-Hispanic AIAN 1.40 1.23 1.59 1.42 1.19 1.70 1.34 1.11 1.61 1.30 1.14 1.49
 Non-Hispanic API 1.18 1.06 1.31 1.21 1.06 1.39 1.13 0.96 1.32 1.05 0.94 1.18
 Hispanic 1.09 1.04 1.14 1.09 1.02 1.16 1.08 1.00 1.16 0.95 0.90 1.00
Child (<18 years) mortality4 1.18 1.08 1.29 1.19 1.07 1.32 1.20 1.03 1.40 1.06 0.96 1.17
Youth (15-24 years) mortality4 1.20 1.11 1.29 1.25 1.14 1.38 1.25 1.09 1.43 1.06 0.97 1.15
Working ages 20-64 years 1.58 1.55 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.61 1.58 1.53 1.62 1.20 1.17 1.22
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) 1.24 1.22 1.27 1.23 1.20 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.27 1.12 1.10 1.14
Heart disease 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.22 1.19 1.26 1.26 0.12 1.30 1.12 1.10 1.15
Stroke 1.17 1.12 1.22 1.27 1.19 1.37 1.11 1.05 1.18 1.08 1.03 1.14
All cancers combined 1.09 1.06 1.11 1.12 1.08 1.16 1.08 1.05 1.12 1.06 1.04 1.09
Lung cancer 1.18 1.13 1.23 1.21 1.14 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.24
Colorectal cancer 1.03 0.96 1.11 1.05 0.94 1.17 1.03 0.93 1.13 1.01 0.93 1.09
Prostate cancer 0.94 0.85 1.05 0.93 0.83 1.04
Breast cancer 0.94 0.86 1.02 0.97 0.89 1.06
Cervical cancer 1.83 1.45 2.31 1.31 1.01 1.71
Stomach cancer 1.30 1.13 1.49 1.24 1.03 1.50 1.40 1.13 1.72 1.14 0.98 1.32
Liver and IBD cancer 1.46 1.24 1.71 1.55 1.26 1.92 1.34 1.04 1.73 1.22 1.02 1.46
Esophageal cancer 1.34 1.14 1.57 1.20 0.99 1.47 1.67 1.26 2.22 1.17 0.98 1.39
Diabetes 1.45 1.35 1.56 1.41 1.26 1.57 1.49 1.36 1.64 1.14 1.06 1.23
Pneumonia and influenza 1.40 1.31 1.50 1.45 1.32 1.59 1.37 1.25 1.50 1.21 1.13 1.29
COPD 1.36 1.29 1.43 1.39 1.29 1.49 1.36 1.26 1.47 1.13 1.06 1.2
Liver cirrhosis 1.64 1.48 1.80 1.79 1.58 2.03 1.42 1.21 1.67 1.12 1.01 1.25
Nephritis/kidney diseases 1.38 1.25 1.53 1.45 1.24 1.68 1.35 1.17 1.55 1.14 1.02 1.27
Alzheimer’s disease 0.73 0.65 0.84 0.61 0.48 0.79 0.79 0.68 0.92 0.83 0.72 0.94
HIV/AIDS 2.88 2.56 3.25 2.99 2.60 3.44 2.35 1.87 2.97 1.58 1.39 1.80
 Children aged <18 years4 2.54 1.34 4.82 2.02 0.89 4.56 3.94 1.31 11.88 1.84 0.92 3.79
 Youth aged 15-24 years4 2.46 1.74 3.48 2.01 1.36 2.97 7.11 2.92 17.32 31.75 1.2 2.56
Other infectious diseases 1.64 1.48 1.81 1.66 1.44 1.93 1.61 1.40 1.84 1.27 1.14 1.42
 Septicemia (sepsis) 1.56 1.40 1.75 1.54 1.30 1.83 1.58 1.36 1.84 1.27 1.12 1.43
 Tuberculosis (TB) 3.04 1.92 4.81 2.89 1.60 5.23 3.34 1.61 6.92 1.80 1.08 3.00
Unintentional injuries 1.41 1.32 1.50 1.41 1.30 1.52 1.33 1.20 1.47 1.14 1.06 1.22
Motor vehicle accidents 1.19 1.08 1.31 1.21 1.07 1.37 1.13 0.96 1.34 1.08 0.97 1.2
Non-motor-vehicle injuries 1.53 1.41 1.65 1.54 1.39 1.70 1.37 1.20 1.56 1.16 1.07 1.27
Suicide 1.27 1.14 1.40 1.31 1.17 1.47 1.13 0.91 1.41 1.11 0.99 1.24
Homicide 1.97 1.69 2.30 1.88 1.55 2.28 2.15 1.65 2.81 1.04 0.87 1.23
 Children aged <18 years4 2.95 2.30 3.77 3.28 2.46 4.36 2.24 1.36 3.70 1.27 0.95 1.68
 Youth aged 15-24 years4 1.84 1.45 2.33 2.18 1.66 2.87 1.34 0.83 2.16 1.03 0.79 1.33
Firearm injuries 1.21 1.09 1.35 1.25 1.11 1.41 1.08 0.83 1.39 0.96 0.85 1.08
 Children aged <18 years4 1.75 1.41 2.17 1.87 1.48 2.36 1.36 0.78 2.38 1.08 0.84 1.38
 Youth aged 15-24 years4 1.26 1.04 1.53 1.43 1.15 1.74 1.07 0.95 1.13 1.04 0.84 1.29
1

Adjusted for age and sex.

2

Adjusted for age only.

3

Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, nativity/immigrant status, rural-urban residence, education, occupation, and household income/poverty level.

4

Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, rural-urban, and household income/poverty level. AIAN=American Indian/Alaska Native. API=Asian/Pacific Islander. IBD=Intrahepatic bile duct. COPD=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease